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市场稳得住 百姓有房住(政策解读·聚焦中央经济工作会议)
长效机制
针对性操作性更强,需要多方面共同发力
对于“建立房地产市场平稳健康发展的长效机制”,我们多年来一直在讲,但市场仍然不尽如人意。
任兴洲认为,这与我国房地产市场的发展阶段有关系:改革开放以来,特别是1998年全面推进住房制度改革以来,与经济高速增长、城市化快速推进相伴随,房地产市场快速发展,住房需求与供给矛盾较大,商品房市场、保障房制度都在不断探索中。而到了现阶段,一方面,住房市场供给与需求发生了明显变化,城镇居民住房绝对短缺的时代已经过去,经过大体测算,到2013年前后,就总量而言,全国城镇家庭户已经实现户均一套房,有些城市已经超过户均一套的水平,供需趋向平衡;另一方面,经过多年分析研究,我们对符合国情的房地产市场运行特点和规律的认识和把握也比以前清晰了。“在这种情况下,已经具备了制定和完善长效机制的条件。另外,实践证明,光运用短期政策不能解决房地产平稳、健康和可持续发展问题,必须长短结合,着力建立长效机制”。
“多年来,促进房地产市场健康发展的长效机制也一直在研究和推进中。”任兴洲认为,今年中央经济工作会议所提出的房地产政策措施的针对性和可操作性进一步提高,如“在宏观上管住货币,微观信贷政策要支持合理自住购房”,就是既注重抑制投资投机性购房,又支持自住型的住房需求;“落实人地挂钩政策,根据人口流动情况分配建设用地指标”,就考虑到了新型城镇化进程中一亿新市民落户城市后的住房建设用地问题。同时,针对不同城市市场分化的状况,中央经济工作会议提出“房价上涨压力大的城市要合理增加土地供应”“特大城市要加快疏解部分城市功能,带动周边中小城市发展”。这些政策实施后,将通过有效增加供给,缓解热点城市的住房供需矛盾,也有利于从更宽广的视角解决特大城市的住房问题,打破行政区划局限,在更大的区域范围内合理配置资源,引导人口合理流动。
与短期调控不同,长效机制需要在更长时期发挥作用。刘洪玉分析,以税收机制为例,过去调控时,常把各种税的税率和征管规则调来调去,有时通过税惠政策鼓励买房,有时又通过增加税负抑制买房。“税收的长效机制就是要把购房者在不同情景下可能面临的税负一次性公之于众,让购房者清晰知道,如果买房目的是住房投机、住房投资或住房消费,将分别面临什么样的税负,引导购房行为。”
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