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发达国家如何破除“邻避效应”(国际视野)

2016-12-21 10:06:16   

科普片精心疏导

本报驻美国记者章念生

1979年3月28日凌晨4点,美国宾夕法尼亚州三里岛核电站内红灯闪烁,2分钟内核反应堆停止工作,大量放射性物质溢出。此次核事故被定为五级(最高为七级),是美国历史上最严重的核事故。

时任总统卡特派核能监管委员会资深官员哈罗德·代顿前往现场。在场记者问代顿:核电站内出现大量氢聚集,是否会发生氢爆炸?他回答说,氢越聚越多,是会炸掉穹顶的。这一回答,导致核电站周边地区20万人惊恐撤离。

事实证明,代顿的回答是错误的。如果没有蒸汽,氢会爆炸。但当时核电站内部,氢与大量蒸汽混合是不会发生爆炸的。那次事故中只有3人受到超负荷辐射。几天之后,居民们又搬回原地。代顿回到华盛顿后即被降职,后来他主动提出辞职。

美国核能研究所董事杰克·艾德罗从事核能工作数十年,曾任国际原子能机构专家组主席、世界核协会董事。他说:“许多人因为缺乏知识而对核电产生不必要的担忧,美国人也一样。但经过政府、企业以及民间机构的不懈努力,在核电站建设问题上,“邻避效应”已经不太明显。”艾德罗说,三里岛事故后也曾出现过大规模抗议活动。不过,由于核电技术不断更新换代,核电站的安全得到有效保障。随着人们对气候变化问题关注度不断升高,核电作为清洁能源越来越被人们所接受,美国民众对核电的支持率一直在上升。

美国专业机构“比斯科蒂公司”与“奎斯特全球研究”今年4月联合公布的民调结果显示,美国核电站周围16公里的人群中,89%的人支持发展核电,69%支持增加核反应堆,90%认为核电对满足未来的用电需求很重要。世界核协会的数据显示,美国是世界上最大的核电生产国,占全球核能发电的30%以上。

2011年日本福岛核事故之后,德国等国停止了核电发展,但美国决定继续发展核电,美国的4所核电站将陆续于5年内投产发电。

核电在民众中得到普遍支持,一方面得益于政府机构的有效监管。政府机构主要着力于制订安全与环保规则、资助研发、设定核电发展目标,促进技术更新换代。同时,在民众中普及知识,消除对核能利用的担忧;另一方面,经营核电业务的企业,也将信息透明、知识普及作为推动业务发展的一大要务。此外,包括电影制片人在内的环保达人,也为核电的正名而不遗余力。

“现在,让当年摧毁城市的核能点亮城市。”这是2013年罗伯特·斯通导演的环保纪录片《潘多拉的承诺》中的一句台词。该片讲述了5位美国颇有影响力的环保人士从反核先锋转变为核电拥护者的真实故事。1988年,斯通拍摄了纪录片《比基尼电台》,揭露了美国政府二战后在马歇尔群岛比基尼环珊瑚岛进行核试验给当地居民及参与核试人员造成的影响。该片因为其反核立场而获得当年奥斯卡最佳长纪录片奖提名。20多年后,他导演了另一部纪录片,讲述在全球气候变暖的大背景下核电的不可或缺。该片上线后引起巨大轰动。一位观众感叹说:原来燃烧煤炭所排放的温室气体如此惊人,而核电却是最清洁的能源之一!

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