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发达国家如何破除“邻避效应”(国际视野)

2016-12-21 10:06:16   

艾德罗说,许多人反对核电,是因为对其安全性缺乏了解。随着技术的不断进步,人们对核电站的防备措施将会越来越严格。风能是比较清洁的可再生能源,但风能发电所产生的噪音问题还一时无法解决。核电可以几十年不间断地发电,碳排放量极低,对于实现温室气体减排目标将尤为重要。

垃圾厂利益共享

本报驻英国记者黄培昭

眼下在英国,围绕扩建希思罗机场、修建第三条跑道,机场附近的居民正躺在机场候机大厅进行抗议。“邻避”居民的态度是:对政府拟建大型公共设施的必要性基本持认可态度,但不接受这些设施修建在自家门口。如何破解“邻避效应”,也就成了一些重大工程实施前不得不认真考虑并妥善解决的问题,稍有不慎就会激化矛盾,甚至陷入被动。

“调动民众的积极性,让尽可能多的居民拥有直接参与权,并切身感受到大型基础设施的好处,同时,对民众晓以利弊,进行细致耐心的释疑解惑,并在建筑的外观设计上注重美感等,这些都是英国破解‘邻避效应’的主要做法。”伦敦布兰特区区政府负责对外宣传的官员布朗对本报记者表示,即使很小的项目,都涉及大家的切身利益,个体的诉求不尽相同,支持和反对都很正常。

本报记者的邮箱里经常会收到区政府发来的邮件,告知准备改造某段路、计划把某个停车场纳入在建项目,甚至连砍伐几十年的大树都会就此征求住户的意见。随后,区政府还会举行“听证会”,支持者和反对者都可以畅所欲言,最后由负责项目的专门委员会根据主流民意投票决定。

在英国的街道上,人们几乎看不到垃圾。在垃圾处理方面,英国有哪些秘诀呢?有专家指出,英国立法到位、政策和法规完善是根本原因。自1848年英国颁布《公共卫生法》以来,与垃圾处理有关的资源化利用、无害化处理等法规不断得到完善。

英国萨塞克斯大学科学技术政策研究中心研究员吉尔认为,“参与、透明和信任”是垃圾处理成功的关键。他表示,由于垃圾焚烧而引发的环境、健康等方面的危害在英国并没有引发任何社会动荡,其中,激发居民参与的积极性、主动性,政府做到在建项目的公开透明,让民众对项目将带来的好处以及潜在的危险等享有充分的知情权等,都是宝贵的经验和成功之道。

在吉尔看来,西方国家城市发展的经验表明,让居众早期就参与计划,可以在政府和公众之间搭建起一座沟通和信任的桥梁,使事情“更加好办”。他说,民众有权查阅垃圾焚烧厂对环境影响的全面评估报告,这种信息透明公开、让民众早期参与的做法,往往会起到出人意料的正面效果。

激励和补偿,也是英国垃圾处理值得借鉴之处。激励是指政府承诺,垃圾处理厂在建地的居民可以分享垃圾发电所带来的各种收益,并享受项目建设所带来的就业机会和各类培训等,推动社区居民成为有效的“项目利益相关者”,即成为“实际上的项目受益方”。补偿机制,即在家庭事业费等方面对当地居民实施优惠政策,譬如,当地居民通过地方政府直接参与能源服务项目,包括垃圾转换能源项目,就能减免水电费或燃气费用等。

据布朗介绍,在垃圾厂的设计、规划和建造上,英国相关部门实施公开招标,不但要求投标者具有雄厚资质和一流专业水平,还要求把审美等元素融入垃圾厂的设计中。视觉上的审美效果极为重要,垃圾厂应该避免人们下意识地与“脏”“臭”等字眼相提并论。如果能做到美观、大气,一眼看上去根本不像垃圾处理厂,与周遭环境完全融为一体,达到建筑学与美学的和谐统一,是优先考虑的入围选项。

制图:刘慧


  《 人民日报 》( 2016年12月21日 23 版) (责编:乔雪峰、夏晓伦)

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