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从对高中教育的积极影响来看,设置0门选考科目的教育影响。高校未设置选考科目,给予了学生充分的自由选择权与发展机会,这比较符合以生为本的高考科目选择性的改革理念。
在笔者2017年上半年对上海(教师146,学生868)和浙江(教师100,学生498)师生的大规模问卷调查反馈中,关于上海与浙江高考科目方案实际体现了哪些教育理念?两地师生的一致选择是“促进学生学科兴趣、个性特长发展,增加学生选择权”,上海师生选择比例分别为62.33%和86.98%,而浙江师生选择比例分别为81%和70.16%。不过,这对这个年龄段普遍面临较大学习压力的学生而言,如何做好自己的生涯发展规划,还需要高中创造好的条件。到底新高考科目选择性方案给学生带来哪些积极影响?上海与浙江学生认为“可以将更多时间、精力用于优势学科的学习,有利于个性化发展”的比例分别是46.66%与59.67%;认为“允许文理科目交叉选择,有助于创新思维与能力的培养”的比例分别为50.81%与52.33%;认为“考试时间相对分散,提供两次考试机会,能够缓解考试压力”的比例为48.27%与41.01%;认为“从‘只关注分数’向‘合理规划自己的学习与未来发展’转变”的比例分别为36.29%与23.52%。
设置1-3门选考科目的教育影响方面,2018年各高校提出选考科目要求的专业(类)中,单科统计选择最多的是物理,涉及设限专业(类)的81%;其次是化学涉及63.9%;再次是技术涉及36.3%;生物、历史、地理、政治分别涉及33.1%、17.7%、14.7%、12.2%。按照笔者2017年对上海和浙江学生的问卷调研显示,上海与浙江学生选择“传统文科组合(历史、地理、政治)”的比例分别为15.32%与6.07%,选择“传统理科组合(物理、化学、生物)”的比例分别为8.18%与28.45,而选择“文理科目交叉组合”的比例分别为76.5%与65.48%。
可见,高校规定的选考科目范围,已开始引导高中的教育教学朝着文理不分科的大方向发展,传统的文理文野与对立将逐步成为历史。
3.避免“趋易避难”,确保高中学科发展平衡
有观点认为,在多数高校专业尚未设置选考科目的情况下,特别对有几十万考生且高中资源有差异的省份而言,学生自主选考,可能会出现某些趋易避难的现象,甚至还可能产生部分老师担忧的那种选考物理等学科学生在某些学校出现下降的问题。在目前各学科具有相同等级比例的赋分政策下,在满足高校选考科目1门即可报考的政策规则下,某些能力强的学生选择学习知识起点要求相对较低的学科,一定程度上可能比选择知识起点要求更高的学科,或取得更高的成绩等级,极端情况下也可能出现高中学科发展不平衡的问题,进而影响到大学的生源结构与质量。
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