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关于敦刻尔克的三种书写

2017-09-07 07:11:44   中国青年网

夏伊勒多方查证,还给当时的德国陆军总参谋长写信。此公战后一直在配合美军做战史研究,很快就详细回信。结合各种史料,夏伊勒逼近了真相,还原了复杂的军令过程,揭示了希特勒的隐秘动机。

根据夏伊勒考证,在希特勒按兵不动的4天里,12万6606人撤走;等德国人回过神来之后,英国人撤得更快了。

夏伊勒更超脱更客观更准确,但是要想看到海滩上的“人”,还得看文学家的。

【文学家说】

充满矛盾的真实

当英国作家约书亚·莱文考证敦刻尔克故事的时候,他查到海滩上一名通讯军官的报告:“电台发电机进了沙子,很快就坏了。”莱文产生了疑问:“谁这么不小心,让沙子进了发电机?此人受处罚了吗?”

2016年5月,莱文作为诺兰剧组的历史顾问站在敦刻尔克海滩上,“如今的海岸没有战火。海风依旧吹拂,把沙子吹得到处都是,落在发里、眼里,刺得双目生疼。大部分人都戴着护目镜——我突然意识到当年并不是谁把无线电发射机掉在海滩上了。这里没有笨手笨脚的家伙。1940年5月,海风扬起沙粒,把沙子吹进发电机,就和现在海风把沙子吹到每个人眼睛里耳朵里一个样。”

这也是真实,档案里不会有的真实。

莱文找到了一些这样的真实。

——一个士兵给首相丘吉尔写匿名信,要求“给小伙子们放假”。此人被找出来拘留42天。

——空袭时人们躲到地窖,黑暗中听见一些奇怪的声响,点灯后发现一个士兵正和一个比利时酒吧女招待做爱。

——有小船靠近时,一群士兵为登船争打不休。掌舵的水手拔枪打爆了一个士兵的脑袋。

——一位军官设法弄到了一条划艇,但在他的人出现之前,另外一群士兵伏击了他。他们用枪逼他把船交出来,然后咧嘴笑着把他推到一边。

——看到救生艇时,一名水里的士兵开始喊救命,而船上的士兵则恳求船长把他救起来。但是船长拒绝了。他说,回去的话,船上每个人的生命就处于危险之中。

——很多人自杀。还有一些下级军官抛下了士兵,让他们自生自灭。

——陆军大臣接见回国士兵时,被士兵们用巨大的嘘声“欢迎”。

莱文还写出了另外一些真实。

——沿海商船、汽艇、驳船、救生艇、补给船、拖网渔船、摩托艇、小舟船、舢板、消防船、拖轮、游艇以及其他一些不知道算什么种类的船组成了一条长龙,浩浩荡荡开往敦刻尔克,其中还有一条独木舟和一扇门板,门板上坐了3个人。

——大部分士兵回国时觉得自己是残兵败将,却意外得到民众热烈欢迎。“我们坐上火车,无论停在哪里,人们都会涌上来递咖啡和香烟。”

——大撤退一周后,英国政府宣布为母亲和儿童提供免费的牛奶。伯明翰的战斗机工厂,在大撤退后两周里产出翻了一番。官方生产时间是早上8点到晚上7点,但很多工人会在长桌边待到午夜,然后直接睡在工厂里。

如何看待所有这些似乎彼此矛盾的真实?

莱文的说法是:“海滩上有一座城市,任何一座城市里都有懦弱、有自私、有贪婪,但那里的英雄事迹也不可胜数。英雄事迹总伴着阴暗之举,这是人性,但这些阴暗之举反而让英雄之行声名远扬更加有力。这才是真正的英雄主义。”

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