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立足罪刑法定把握未成年人不构成累犯条件

2017-09-04 08:16:57   中国青年网

第一,刑法第65条和第66条是一般与特殊的关系。在解释刑法第66条时,不能孤立地从文本的含义予以解释,应当综合考虑刑法第65条的规定,予以体系化解释。众所周知,一般累犯所涉及的犯罪与特殊累犯相比较,对社会造成的危害和行为人的主观恶性均小,刑法修正案(八)将未成年人犯罪排除在一般累犯之外,一则是体现轻刑化,二则进一步体现对未成年人的特殊保护。相比较一般累犯,特殊累犯的打击面更广,条件也更为宽泛,既然未成年人不能构成一般累犯,那么,自然也不能构成特殊累犯,否则,会使一般累犯的规定丧失意义。

第二,如果认为未成年人可以构成特殊累犯,在一些案件中,会显得不公平。例如,孙某在16周岁时,犯故意杀人罪被处罚,刑罚执行完毕或赦免以后,五年之内再犯罪不能构成累犯,但如果其在16岁时加入黑社会性质组织,并实施了敲诈勒索行为,被判刑,在任何时候再犯上述三大类犯罪的,均构成累犯,故意杀人罪比敲诈勒索罪要重很多,但前者不构成累犯,后者却会构成累犯,显然令人难以接受。

第三,将未成年人犯罪解释为不构成特殊累犯,符合罪刑法定原则。有论者认为,刑法第66条与第65条不同,并没有明确的“但书”规定,从文理解释角度并不能得出未成年人犯罪不构成特殊累犯的结论。笔者认为,在解释第66条的规定时,不能无视第65条的规定,两者具有密切联系,而且将未成年人犯罪解释为不构成特殊累犯,符合罪刑法定原则。

(作者为华东政法大学副教授、法学博士)

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