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立足公众资金安全限缩非法吸收公众存款罪

2017-09-03 08:20:51   中国青年网

当前,以互联网金融为代表的新金融正呈现出如火如荼发展之势。这种新金融改变了中国传统金融生态,对现有的金融管理体制及其所确立的金融管理秩序构成了冲击和挑战,滋生出了巨大的金融风险,同时自其诞生之日起也始终面临着合规风险。以互联网金融为代表的新金融在创新发展过程中,由于相关法律规定和制度建设的滞后性,导致对新型的互联网金融行为在法律上的评价模糊不明,这种金融创新一旦引发消极的社会后果,就有被入罪化的风险。面对互联网金融进行的金融创新所可能带来的金融安全风险,刑法介入的条件和调整的界限必须明辨慎思,做到既有效规制不合理的风险,又不至于扼杀金融创新。作为最后手段的刑法在防范和化解金融风险的过程中应当扮演什么样的角色是一个极其重大又极富争议的问题。非法吸收公众存款罪的存废之争无疑为我们洞悉这一问题提供了极好的观察视角。

非法吸收公众存款罪的传统保护目标定位:金融管理秩序

基于传统金融抑制的政策,我国刑事立法对金融犯罪的规制侧重于保护国家的金融管理秩序。所以,立法之初,非法吸收公众存款罪的主要立法目的在于保护国家批准的金融机构对存放款业务的经营权以及这种经营所确立的金融市场管理秩序。然而,金融市场管理秩序的概念太过抽象,基于管制需要其内涵可以不断扩充。在这种立法理念的指导下,任何未经批准的集资行为都会破坏国家对利率的管制制度和既有的金融秩序,这样的目标定位加上司法实践对“存款”的不当扩大适用使得非法吸收公众存款罪的管制范围无限扩大,将确有合理的融资需求但无法从正规融资渠道获得资金或者试图规避正规渠道带来的较高融资成本而通过正规融资渠道之外的其他手段获得资金的行为也纳入了非法吸收公众存款罪的打击范围,未能为民间金融的合法化预留空间。2014年以来,非法吸收公众存款犯罪进入了高发期。这其中尤其以P2P网贷平台涉案为多。据《人民日报》2015年8月5日报道,2014年P2P网贷平台涉嫌非法集资发案数、涉案金额、参与集资人数分别是2013年的11倍、16倍和39倍。为何非法吸收公众存款罪的发案量呈现增多态势?这其中固然与不少网贷平台打着“金融创新”的幌子进行非法集资、金融诈骗等违法犯罪活动有关,但亦有不少平台是在正常经营互联网金融业务的过程中触及了非法吸收公众存款罪的监管红线而导致入罪。

然而,随着我国利率市场化改革的不断推进,试图通过刑法来维持利率的管制制度已经产生了正当性危机。中国人民银行发布的《中国金融稳定报告(2016)》明确指出,利率市场化是中国金融领域最核心的改革之一。市场化利率形成和调控机制的不断健全,有利于促进降低社会融资成本,为经济健康可持续发展营造适宜的货币金融环境。一旦利率市场化的改革完成,利率管制将不复存在,以利率管制及其确立的金融管理秩序作为非法吸收公众存款罪的立法目的就将失去必要性。

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