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“墨子”的发现 正在改变世界

2017-09-03 14:45:54   中国青年网

潘建伟表示,这一重要成果为构建覆盖全球的量子保密通信网络奠定了可靠的技术基础。以星地量子密钥分发为基础,将卫星作为可信中继,可以实现地球上任意两点的密钥共享,将量子密钥分发范围扩展到覆盖全球。

地星量子隐形传态实验是“墨子号”量子卫星的科学目标之一,是利用量子纠缠特性可以将物质的未知量子态精确传送到遥远地点,而不用传送物质本身,通过隐形传输实现信息传递,远距离量子隐形传态是实现分布式量子信息处理网络的基本单元。

在一般人眼里,“墨子号”量子卫星开展的地星量子隐形传态实验颇有些神秘的感觉,因为它能像变戏法一样将物体从甲地“移动”到乙地。

如果一个人要在很短的时间里从北京到达上海,如果不坐飞机、高铁等交通工具,还能有什么办法呢,潘建伟认为,未来有可能制造出一个像哆啦A梦的“任意门”那样的神奇物质。

“墨子号”卫星进行的量子隐形传态实验,则是采用地面发射纠缠光子、天上接收的方式,“墨子号”量子卫星过境时,与海拔5100米的西藏阿里地面站建立光链路。地面光源每秒产生8000个量子隐形传态事例,地面向卫星发射纠缠光子,实验通信距离从500公里到1400公里,所有6个待传送态均以大于99.7%的置信度超越经典极限。

如果不采用量子通信的方式,假设在同样长度的光纤中重复这一工作,需要3800亿年——也就是宇宙年龄的20倍,才能观测到一个事例。

《自然》杂志审稿人称:“这些结果代表了远距离量子通信持续探索中的重大突破”, “这个目标非常新颖并极具挑战性,它代表了量子通信方案现实实现中的重大进步”。业内人士评价,这一重要成果为未来开展空间尺度量子通信网络研究,以及空间量子物理学和量子引力实验检验等研究奠定了可靠的技术基础。

有人担心虽然量子密码有不可破译性,但随着量子计算机的成功发明,量子密钥有可能会失效。对此潘建伟表示,量子计算机与量子密码之间不是“矛”与“盾”的关系,即便量子计算机获得成功也无法破译量子密码。量子计算机理论上具有超快的并行计算和模拟能力,能解决经典计算机无法解决的大规模计算问题。从密码领域看,所有以计算复杂性为基础的密码都可以被量子计算机破译。但量子通信的不可破译性是基于量子的不可克隆原理,因此只要试图窃取量子密钥,这个密钥就已经发生改变了,因此量子计算机无法破译量子密码。

还有人担心量子通信的可靠性,因为如果量子通信一被干扰就无法传输,那么即便其不可破译也无法达到信息传输的目的。潘建伟解释说,量子通信与传统通信方式的抗干扰能力是一样的。如果一条信道被切断了,传输当然无法实现。但如果我们将来能够建成量子通信网络,这个通路断了用那个,或者多通路同时传输,就不存在这个问题了。

如果未来要想实现量子通信全球组网,需要有多少颗卫星,中国科学院上海技术物理研究所研究员、量子科学实验卫星工程常务副总师、卫星系统总指挥王建宇认为,理论上讲有三颗就能覆盖全球了,但实践中还是要看用户的需求和卫星轨道,如果是地球同步轨道卫星的话,三颗就能覆盖全球。

本报记者 蔡文清 J177 视觉中国供图

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