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阎崇年:青花为什么这样“红”
2017-09-01 07:31:11 中国青年网
随着皇权对御窑的掌控越来越严密,瓷器从元代发展到明清,也越来越精美。明代不仅在景德镇开设御器厂,让明代青花在宣德、永乐年间达到鼎盛。制作精美的御瓷,还往往为显其珍稀而只保留几件供皇家使用,其余落选的就全部打碎掩埋。
阎崇年说,明朝开国皇帝朱元璋以红为贵,在洪武年间一度盛行红釉瓷器。但是到了宣德年间,青花再度绽放光华。因为宣德皇帝审美情趣雅,文化修养高,御器厂的瓷器既美观又雅致。而到了永乐年间,青花瓷更是“磅礴大气,风采独具”。这一时期,青花传统工艺不断沉淀,尤其青花原料苏麻离青得以持续供应,青花精品频出。
在明代青花之外,成化年间的斗彩瓷器,也极负盛名,这其中就包括了成化斗彩鸡缸杯和三秋杯。
2014年,民间藏家刘益谦以2.81亿港元在香港苏富比拍得明成化斗彩鸡缸杯,刷新中国瓷器世界拍卖纪录。为何一直以来,明成化斗彩鸡缸杯被收藏界视为“神品”?阎崇年说,这除了杯体上画匠的构图活灵活现,设色给人恬淡柔美之感以外,最主要还是在于这是御用酒具,深受皇家喜爱。“事实上,成化斗彩鸡缸杯早在万历年间就价值连城,‘每对至博银百金’”,被爱家们视为“成窑鸡缸杯为酒器之最”。
皇家爱物,自然也不能批量生产。阎崇年说,成化斗彩三秋杯,相传为成化帝专为万贵妃烧造。当时只烧制了5对,选出一对最好的,其余皆毁,并处死烧造工匠,令工艺失传。这对独一无二的三秋杯自然成为传世珍品,如今收藏于故宫博物院。
有意思的是,传世的御瓷,其风格往往根据当时的皇帝喜好而有极大不同。阎崇年说,瓷器发展到清代,在雍正和乾隆时期出现两种极端。因为雍正追求雅致之风,这一时期的御瓷呈现出恬淡超然的气息;而到了乾隆时期,这位皇帝亲自主导瓷器设计,并热衷于炫耀不同凡响的技艺,令此时的御瓷呈现华彩繁丽之感。经时光沉淀至今,这些皇家御用品也因其独特的工艺价值和稀有,成为中国瓷器史上的奇葩。
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