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南澳地方法院陪审团审判印象

2017-08-30 04:26:27   中国青年网

说到异议,这里顺便提一下法官席会议(bench conference)或“即席磋商”(sidebar)。在美国教科书中,举行这种会议时,通常是律师和检察官走到法官席前,在陪审团听不到的情况下,就证据可采性异议或律师的动议进行讨论,并由法庭记录员记录在案。但旁听了本案审判我才知道,法官席会议实际上有多种灵活的形式,如每次开庭时(包括休息后继续开庭)陪审团尚未入席,所以,法官入席后通常会先问律师和检察官有无什么动议,如果有,他们会在自己的席位上站起来发言,并不需要走到法官席前来谈,因为他们所有的意见或磋商尽管需要避开陪审团,却不能避开被告人。如上所述,本案检察官交叉询问过程中辩方律师的3次异议,只有一次是法官让陪审团先去休息一下,然后和颜悦色地与检察官和律师讨论异议的理由。但我发现,一个铁的定律是:法官席会议不能避开被告人讨论任何问题,唯一的例外是在法庭休息室讨论被告人的认罪提议。无论是哪种情况,法官席会议上大家的发言都是理性、平和的,依据法律原则进行磋商,但也不失人情味。

在法治社会,法院在争端解决中的作用在于,它是一个供人们“讲理”的场所。作为现代司法文明的集中体现,审判是控辩审三方平等参与的法庭论证或辩论活动。其辩论的平等性表现为,“在进行裁判的法庭上,任何凭借强力和实力并以此对裁判施加影响与干预的情形都不能允许。利用言辞和施展口才而展开的辩论是唯一的武器”(日本学者松浦好治语)。因此,法治社会的法庭像一个论证判决理由的“论坛”,与学术论坛并无本质区别,法官、检察官和律师具有完全平等的地位,只能通过“讲理”的方式来说服人,这与“包公”时代审判官员居高临下、动辄“大刑伺候”那种“不讲理”的审判方式有天壤之别。因此,棚濑孝雄说:“在公开的法庭上,无论当事者各自有什么样的社会属性,他们都被视为具有对等的、独立的人格,不受任何非合理力量的支配。在这种理性支配的场合,说明义务被高度地规范化,任何强词夺理以各种借口逃避说明的行为都不能被允许,完全有可能在理想状态下展开自由而理性的对论。”正是通过平等辩论或对论,才使案件事实真相越来越清楚、判决理由越来越充分。

总之,法庭审判是文明与野蛮、文明与愚昧的对决,但这种对决与正义对邪恶的战争不同,它所采取的依然是文明的形式!

(完)

(《南澳地方法院陪审团审判印象(六)》详见《法制日报》2017年8月23日11版)

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