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特朗普时代 美国与阿根廷的关系怎么了?

2017-08-28 15:46:58   国际在线

近年来,阿根廷年产生物燃料保持在160万吨左右。2012年前,其90%销往欧盟。随着这一年欧盟对阿生物燃料征收最高26%的反倾销税,美国取代欧盟成为阿生物燃料最大的出口目的地。去年,阿出口生物燃料的90%销往了美国,价值超过12亿美元。而同年美阿两国贸易总额约21亿美元。据预测,明年阿根廷生物燃料产量将创历史新高,达到170万吨。

与生物柴油贸易获得的利润相比,阿根廷对美国柠檬出口的年收益仅为5000万美元。如果美国开放对阿牛肉进口,阿方每年将有望增收至少2.5亿美元。在未征收反补贴税前,美对阿生物燃料的进口关税仅为4.5%。美方的反补贴措施意味着阿生物燃料出口将全面停滞,阿根廷经济也将遭到重创。这让两国关系在特朗普时代遭遇了首次重大挑战。

阿根廷政府和相关业界人士强烈反对美方的反补贴措施,纷纷重申阿政府未对本国生物燃料生产企业发放出口或保护性补贴。马克里本人还亲自至信美国副总统彭斯,希望两国近快就此展开磋商。此外,阿方还将把此纠纷提请世贸组织裁决。但从两国解决牛肉贸易纠纷的经验来看,美国未必会对世贸组织的裁决予以积极回应。

两位商人总统跳起的“探戈新舞步”

分析人士指出,在特朗普上台前,阿根廷与美国经历了从亲密盟友到冷淡疏远,再到重建新盟友关系的过程。在阿根廷政局向“右”转后,马克里政府开始注重修补与美国的关系,希望巩固和深化重建不久的新盟友关系。但随着特朗普时代的到来,美国对拉美策略又发生了重要变化。奥巴马主张的建立在缓和政治关系基础上实现“化敌为友”的战略,被特朗普着眼于美国经济利益而对盟友重新“洗牌”的策略所代替。从特朗普执政以来对拉美国家采取的一系列政策来看,其将政治同盟弱化,更多的是把美国经济和安全等各方面利益最大化,并在此基础上重新处理与拉美国家的关系。

未来的阿根廷与美国关系将会沿着特朗普拉美策略的路线继续发展。较为看重发展与美国关系的马克里政府,需要在对美交往中付出更多的代价与耐心才能换取特朗普的支持,甚至包括容忍美方对其实施国内政策的“指导”。近来,特朗普政府和美国主要财团已明确表示,如果阿方希望获得美国的大批投资,就必须对阿根廷现行的税法和劳工制度作出全面改革,以降低投资者的生产成本和风险。对于以“民粹主义”泛滥和劳工保护最为苛刻而著称的阿根廷,改革相关领域的法律制度将是马克里政府面临的巨大挑战。

在私人层面,马克里与特朗普是老相识。早在上世纪90年代,马克里的家族企业、阿根廷第二大财团“马克里财团”,在进军纽约地产业时,马克里的父亲老马克里曾一度与地产大亨特朗普“打得火热”。马克里也因此与特朗普一家来往频繁,还时常与特朗普在高尔夫球场上一较高下。但好景不长,为争夺纽约一块黄金地块,在老马克里与特朗普进行过一次鲜为人知的密谈后,马克里家族出人意料地以约1.2亿美元的超低价格割舍了这块宝地,并退出纽约地产业。坊间传言,激烈的生意竞争和利益得失让两家从此分道扬镳并开始交恶。但马克里在担任阿根廷首都布宜诺斯艾利斯市长期间,曾邀请特朗普参与市政工程投标,由此看来,两人的关系似乎并没有外界想象的那么糟糕。而同为成功商人出身的两位总统,都把商业经营手段用于治国理政,在彼此为本国利益的较量中恐难分伯仲,两国关系未来前景全看两人如何跳好新的“探戈舞步”。

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