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特朗普的时代错误

2017-08-28 04:21:47   中国青年网

王泰平

特朗普政权为实现“美国第一”的目标,继决定退出跨太平洋伙伴关系协定(TPP)之后,近来又在国际贸易领域挥舞大刀,左右开弓,从北美杀向亚洲。它推倒与加拿大、墨西哥签订的北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA),重新谈判签约;要求与已有自贸协定的韩国重开谈判;要求与日本建立囊括产业结构等广泛领域的高级经济对话机制,以有效施压;对中国,则以采取制裁措施为企图,开始调查所谓知识产权侵权等问题。

在北美自由贸易协定和韩美自由贸易协定的重新谈判中,美国执着于削减自己的贸易赤字。但是,专家指出,贸易收支取决于各国的产业结构和经济状况等因素,并不是贸易协定可以决定的。

围绕北美自由贸易协定谈判,特别引人关注的焦点是,美方一味要求修改根据使用区域内部件的数量而决定是否免征关税的原产地规则,说穿了就是要大幅度提高使用美国产汽车零件的比例,增加更多使用美国零件的汽车的出口。

北美自由贸易协定生效后已经度过了20个春秋,在此协定框架内,世界汽车制造商在北美建立了稳定的生产体制。工厂转移到人工费用相对低廉的墨西哥,由那里出口到美国。特朗普政权独善其身的主张,不仅遭到墨西哥和加拿大的反对,就连美国汽车行业也表示强烈不满。

韩美两国政府2007年4月签署了美韩自由贸易协定(FTA),后来几经修改,于2012年生效。特朗普把它视为“糟糕的”协定,上台之初就声称“这是不可接受的,这是希拉里的一个可怕的协定”,“我们将重新谈判该协定或结束它”。根据美方要求,韩美两国8月22日在首尔举行了韩美自由贸易协定(FTA)联合委员会特别会议,就是否推进修改自贸协定谈判等问题展开磋商。美方提出重新修改FTA以减少贸易赤字的要求,特别是在韩方向美国出口的汽车、钢铁等主要商品方面,要求韩国作出让步,拉开了韩美间旷日持久的应酬战序幕。

特朗普见安倍,开门见山,直接要求日本纠正对美贸易顺差,迫使日本开放农业和汽车市场,并明确表示,希望把日本拉入相互承诺取消进口关税和非关税壁垒的自由贸易协定谈判。

关于中国,特朗普以涉嫌侵害美国知识产权和强制美国企业进行技术转让为口实,于8月14日在白宫签署行政备忘录,启动了被称为贸易战核武器的《贸易法》第301条款的调查。301条款是美国在冷战期间制定的单边贸易法规,也被视为贸易外交的工具,具有规则的霸权性、报复的单向性和措施的攻击性等特点。它欲绕开世界贸易组织,自己发起,自己裁量,也就是说要自己说了算。一旦认定,将采取提高关税等不为国际规则认可的单边制裁措施。专家指出,在世贸组织(WTO))成立之后,美国很少用301条款对自己的贸易伙伴开刀,301条款成了过时的“烧火棍”。特朗普政府此时用301条款打贸易战,明显地想把这个“烧火棍”当枪使,以图多捞一些交易的筹码,多添一张可以跟中国打的牌,无非是要给中国施加更大的压力。

国际舆论指出,特朗普这种一味追求本国利益的举措,悖于历史潮流,不得人心,只会加剧国际间的对立,给世界贸易和投资带来不良影响。特朗普政权应明白时过境迁的道理,今天早已不是美国可以颐指气使、为所欲为的时代了。环顾今日之世界,包括美国的那些盟国在内,哪里还有甘愿任其摆布和宰割的呢!改正时代错误,丢掉鼠目寸光的“美国第一”主义,才最终符合美国自身的利益。

(作者系中国国际问题研究基金会研究员)

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