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特朗普短期难撼天然气市场格局

2017-08-26 09:41:00   新华网

本月初,美国国会高票通过的《以制裁反击美国敌人法案》 由总统特朗普签字生效。该法案以俄罗斯干预美国大选为由,对俄罗斯相关机构和个人进行制裁。由于制裁将严重影响俄欧能源合作,所以引起欧洲相关国家强烈反弹。

美国对欧洲天然气市场觊觎已久

法案在能源领域主要针对北溪2号天然气管道。该管道计划于2019年建成,将经过波罗的海进入德国,由俄罗斯直接向西欧国家供应天然气。除俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司以外,德国、法国、荷兰和奥地利等国多家能源公司和投资方也涉及其中。该法案声称要帮助欧洲国家减少对俄罗斯的能源依赖,并直言不讳地提出将出口美国能源资源放在首位以及强化美国对外政策。

此次美国针对俄欧天然气的制裁并非横生波澜,这种做法其实符合其对俄欧能源合作的一贯态度和特朗普的能源政策。一直以来,美国都反对欧洲继续加深对俄罗斯的能源依赖,对俄欧天然气管线建设大加阻挠。乌克兰危机以后,保加利亚就在美国的压力下暂停南溪天然气管道,致使俄罗斯不得不下马该项目,转投过境土耳其的土耳其溪管道。而关于北溪2号管道,美国前副总统拜登也曾明确表示过反对,并鼓动波兰等国提请欧盟委员会对该项目进行法律审查。

此次针对北溪2号天然气管道的制裁的另一个目的,便是为美国液化天然气(LNG)的出口开拓欧洲市场。页岩气革命使美国天然气产量迅速上升,根据英国石油公司(BP)数据,从2005-2015年,年均增长率达4.1%,最高点2015年产量达7673亿立方米,占当年全球天然气产量的22%,推动美国从能源进口国向能源出口国转变。特朗普上台以来,确立了“美国优先”的能源政策,扶持美国传统能源行业,鼓励LNG与煤炭出口,扩大核能行业,积极参与国际能源市场竞争。美国对欧洲天然气市场的觊觎不仅见诸声明,更是落于行动。2017年6月,第一艘运载美国LNG的油轮抵达波兰希维诺乌伊希切港,荷兰也接收到了第一批来自美国交付的LNG。

短期所能造成的影响极其有限

虽然美国对于天然气出口欧洲野心勃勃,但短期来看,其对欧洲天然气市场所能造成的影响极其有限。

首先,从供应量上来说,来自美国的LNG难以匹敌欧亚大陆的管道气,更无法满足欧洲巨大的天然气需求。根据BP数据,2016年,欧洲天然气进口总量为4722亿立方米,其中管道气4158亿立方米,LNG564亿立方米。而美国当年对欧洲的LNG出口量仅5亿立方米,短时间内无法替代俄罗斯约1600亿立方米/年管道气的市场份额。

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