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你所不知道的逃奴秘史

2017-08-28 07:21:57   中国青年网

那么,是谁解放了奴隶?很多历史学家把美国人与奴隶制斗争的历史,描绘成富有人道主义精神的白人拯救黑人的征程。但在埃里克·方纳看来,如果不是黑人自己向着自由奔跑,自由不会那么快来到。

捧读《自由之路》时,相比“是谁解放了奴隶”,更引人注意的问题似乎是:是什么解放了奴隶?

反观“地下铁路”不难看出——如果没有警戒会的努力,不会有那么多奴隶成功逃出,没有那么多奴隶成功逃出,就不会有更多想逃亡的奴隶受到鼓励,而不是警戒会把奴隶的悲惨境遇公之于众,也不会唤起整个社会对奴隶境遇的同情。同样,若没有反奴隶制协会的坚持,奴隶们也难以最终得到真正的平等。

是什么解放了奴隶?毋庸置疑,是爱。人们用爱唤醒了奴隶,也用爱唤醒了国家的良知。

奴隶是怎样被解放的呢?——知识是“由奴役通往自由的路径”。这是本文开头,也是埃里克·方纳这本书叙事开始时,提到的那个“19世纪最有名的美国黑人”的感悟。他名叫弗雷德理克·贝利,当初为了追求自由,偷偷学会了读写。后来他加入了废奴组织,写了回忆录,将奴隶悲惨的非人遭遇公布于天下。知识、文字,也正是废奴组织改变世界的工具。

托尔斯泰说:“人们一切不幸的根源,不是饥荒,不是火灾,也不止是那些作恶者,而在于他们各自为生。”没有一滴雨会认为自己造成了洪灾,但当冷漠成为一种普遍的民情,每个人都是恶势力的帮凶。

废奴主义者所做的,就是改变“民情”——如同鲁迅先生曾说过的:医治灵魂。他们创办刊物、举办集会、发表演讲,从“令人失望的民情”到废奴运动的成功,媒体发挥了很大的积极作用。

“有奴隶制的地方,就有逃跑的奴隶。”埃里克·方纳说。有逃奴的地方,就有追捕逃奴的故事,就有逃奴案。在法律人眼里,《自由之路》更像一本案例集。同样的案情,在不同的法官手里,在同样的法律——《逃奴条例》下,做出的可能是完全不同的处理,有人因此名垂千古,有人则臭名昭著。

法的精神背后是人的精神。即便是“恶法亦法”的时代,好的执法者依然能够在判决中闪现人性的光辉,并倡扬一种进步的时代精神。法律人为什么要读历史?我想答案就在这里:历史留下的不仅仅是故事,更多的是沉思与启迪。

比权力更广大的是人心。打开奴隶制枷锁的是权力,而铸成这把钥匙的,是良心的精魂。

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