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“经济学家抓大象”笑话的背后
2017-08-28 04:21:52 中国青年网
经济学研究人的激励问题,与其他学科,比如工程,有很不一样的地方。在清华经管学院,我们也对工科、理科以及其他文科学生开设经济学第二学位。比如来自环境学院的学生,在学经济学之前,他首先想的是节能减排等工程技术问题。学了经济学之后,他知道环境保护还有人的激励问题,包括价格、产权等。这就是非常不一样的思路。
可以再举几个人们对激励作出反应的稍微复杂点的例子。汽车安全带能减少交通事故吗?你的第一反应可能是汽车安全带当然减少伤亡。但是未必。因为驾驶员系了安全带,会觉得很安全,所以就有激励开车时更随意一点,事故反而可能增加。所以,这种行为对伤亡的影响比较复杂,对系安全带的人来说确实伤亡会减少,但是如果因此出事故的概率增加了,路上行人的伤亡可能就会增加。当然,这只是从经济学分析的可能性,现实中驾驶员还是要重视安全带作用,系上安全带后也不能掉以轻心。类似的,人们还发现,越是制造坚固的汽车,越是容易被发现在十字路口闯红灯。这其实也是人们对激励作出反应。这个道理也体现在2008年的金融危机中。金融危机产生的原因之一恰恰是金融创新中增加了很多保险工具。这本来看上去很好,增加了保险工具,就应该降低金融风险。但是恰恰相反,人们更加愿意冒险了,因为他们觉得反正买了保险,出了问题保险会赔。这几个例子稍微绕了一个弯,实际生活中绕的弯可能更多。但道理都是一样的,那就是人们会对激励作出反应。有了这个原理,我们就可以对实际生活中的问题进行深入分析,找到解决和完善的办法。
(作者为清华大学经济管理学院院长)
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