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从本科生科研中发现兴趣与志向
2017-08-26 05:15:47 中国青年网
在两种硕士研究生类型的政策设计中,学术型硕士与专业型硕士的区别是清晰而明确的。学术型硕士教育是本科教育转向博士教育的过渡阶段,其目的是让学生接受一定的学术训练以具备继续攻读博士学位的学术资质;而专业型硕士则是以激烈竞争的市场需求为导向,弱化学术研究而强调以实践为核心、指向性更强的实用性专业培养。在培养模式上,学术型硕士以学科为中心构建课程体系,注重对学生科研创新能力的培养;专业型硕士的课程设置是以实际应用为导向,注重培养学生解决实际问题的意识和能力。此外,扎实的学科基础知识、基本科研能力和学术创新能力是衡量学术型硕士教育质量的核心要素;而具备从事某种特定职业需要的专门技能和解决实际问题的能力则是专业型硕士教育最重要的质量评价标准。
硕士研究生类型的分化并不意味着学术和研究能力培养的弱化,相反,更要求前一级本科教育系统筛选和培养出适合做科学研究和知识创新的人才。
在过去相当长一段时间,由于供给侧和需求侧双方的原因,导致两种硕士研究生类型不是分类并列的关系,而是分层的关系。毕业生也不完全根据自身禀赋和学术导向选择研究生类型,而是根据就业市场信号和供求关系优先选择学术型硕士。从供给侧而言,由于专业型硕士起步较晚,在选拔、培养、管理和评价方面未形成规范制度标准,导致专业型硕士与学术型硕士的选拔标准和培养模式趋同,专业型硕士成了报考学术型硕士考生的次优备选项。从需求侧来说,劳动力市场难以观察到专业型硕士相对学术型硕士的专业优势,为规避风险,倾向于录用培养体系更成熟的学术型硕士。
但是,随着专业型硕士培养制度和体系的日臻完善,劳动市场定位愈加清晰,学术型硕士也应该有其独特的生源群体。所以,本科生在选择硕士类型时即体现了其潜在的对未来职业发展的选择和取向。本科教育应该如何促进学生对自我兴趣的认知,促进学生职业发展的成熟度?除了专业课程的学习,“本科生科研”是一个重要的抓手。我国研究型大学在借鉴国外成功经验的基础上,从20世纪90年代末开始试行并推广本科生科研计划,本科生科研活动逐步得到重视。我们将本科生科研训练作为一种可能增强学生选择学术职业道路、促进创新人才培养的政策工具,深入探讨其对研究生类型选择的影响。
本科科研训练对学术创新型人才培养有正面积极作用
我们的研究表明,对理科和社会科学来说,本科期间有科研参与经历的学生更倾向于选择学术型硕士。由于工科自身学科特点,学术型硕士名额的设置相对紧缺,因此相当一部分本科有科研经历的工科学生难以获得学术型硕士名额,出于被动选择攻读专业型硕士。
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