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西方利益集团何以陷入恶性政治博弈

2017-08-22 15:26:45   中国青年网

可以说,利益集团和官僚政府之间的互动,是现代西方民主政治运作的重要环节。利益集团可以为公众参与政治决策提供渠道和机会,提升公民参政议政的意识和能力。在许多西方学者看来,利益集团政治是西方现代民主政治过程中的一个核心要素。相对于其他发展中国家,利益集团在欧美社会中的组织性、动员力都更强,他们对于决策的参与更为广泛深入,影响力更是不容小觑。

利益集团的政治博弈影响政府决策效率

在科技日趋发达的今天,随着市场化、全球化和信息化的发展,利益群体日益多元化和复杂化。西方学者认为,利益集团参政是公民和政府之间相互联系的纽带,有助于公民参与决策和监督政府执政。不仅如此,利益集团参政也是一种制衡机制,各种不同的利益集团对于政府决策和施政进行监督和制约,相互之间也进行竞争和制约。在充分肯定利益集团在西方民主制下所发挥作用的同时,我们也必须看到利益集团政治所带来的负面影响,比如各种利益集团之间的政治博弈,带来了政府决策效率的低下。这在美国政治中表现得尤为突出。

随着近年来美国国内政治极化现象的出现,利益集团之间的恶性政治博弈和党派之争交织在一起,导致政府的决策效率低下。在上一任总统奥巴马任内,民主、共和两党在国家内外政策议题上的立场极化趋势尤为明显。在自己第一任期的前两年,奥巴马依托民主党主导的国会两院,通过了涉及7870亿美元的经济刺激计划与医保改革法案。但奥巴马也付出了高昂的政治代价,刺激了共和党阵营极端保守派的反弹。2010年国会中期选举,共和党夺回了众议院的多数席位。第112届(2011-2012年)和第113届(2013-2014年)国会众议院通过议案数量分别仅为561件和682件,这是自1947年以来的最低水平。而第112届和第113届国会参议院通过的议案数量分别是364件和518件,数量也是相当低。与此相对应,民众对于政府的不满意度居高不下。据民调显示,美国民众对国会的支持率一度跌至10%以下。“占领华尔街”运动爆发的一个重要原因,就是反对华盛顿议而不决、效率低下、扯皮不断,不能及时有效地推出举措,来解决金融危机后美国社会出现的各种社会不公。2013年,由于国会两党无法就是否废除奥巴马医改相关项目达成一致,进而拖延通过2014财年拨款法案,美国联邦政府时隔17年再度陷入了部分机构关门16天的停摆危机。府会之间、国会内部争吵的背后,则是利益集团的搅动。反对奥巴马政府医保项目的利益集团是那些工商阶层和小企业主,他们担心新的医保规定会增加企业的负担,因此千方百计加以反对,游说相关国会议员采取反对的立场。

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