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夏洛茨维尔暴力冲突折射美国社会种族新问题

2017-08-19 06:16:44   中国青年网

最后,移民潮也加剧了种族关系的紧张。此次移民潮始于1965年移民法改革,在上世纪末本世纪初达到高峰,外来人口急剧增长,2015年时达到4330万人,占美国总人口的13.5%,如果加上移民在美国出生的子女,共计有8430万人,占总人口的27%。移民潮带来的最大问题是引发了“我们是谁”的争论,美国依旧是“合众国”,还是成了“分众国”?美国土生白人忧虑移民是不是抢了他们的饭碗?是不是压低了工资水平、造成了失业,在教育、医疗、社会福利方面带来了负担?有研究显示美国政府花在移民身上的钱超过移民创造的经济利益,也是在这种舆论影响下,土生白人把失去工作的怒火转嫁到移民身上。

美国的困境

1944年瑞典著名学者冈纳·默达尔出版了《美国的困境》一书,他在书中指出,美国的困境在于,美国信条与种族不平等现实之间的矛盾,要解决这种矛盾,联邦政府应该起带头作用。可惜70多年后的今天,美国依旧没有走出这种困境。

特朗普上台借助了白人,尤其是白人蓝领的力量,他执政后的社会政策的内核是白人至上主义理念,在一定程度上迎合并助长了另类右翼反移民、反多元、鼓吹白人至上的思想。以争议最大的“禁穆令”为例,该行政命令直接针对中东7个伊斯兰国家(第二次禁令改为6国),这在美国移民史上还是第一次。在难民接收上,“将优先接受来自中东的基督徒难民而不是穆斯林难民”,实际上对美国国内已经存在的反穆斯林风潮,起到了推波助澜的作用。“9·11”事件改变了美国民众对穆斯林的看法,对穆斯林的恐惧和憎恶日益增加,美国机场不止一次发生乘客拒绝和看上去是穆斯林或说阿拉伯语的人同乘一机。根据美国穆斯林权益组织2017年的研究数据,在美国境内2016年反穆斯林的事件较2015年增加了57%,如放火烧毁清真寺、当众撕下穆斯林妇女的头巾、给穆斯林组织寄恐吓信等。

除了政策导向外,特朗普对另类右翼主要首领史蒂夫·班农等人的重用,实际上加剧了白人至上思潮的躁动,右翼势力抬头,使得多年以来一直是过街老鼠的白人种族主义者,从边缘走向了前台,最终导致了夏洛茨维尔暴力冲突。

总之,在可预见的未来,如果美国政府的经济政策不能奏效,移民等社会问题得不到很好处理,那么夏洛茨维尔一类的暴乱还会出现,而且愈演愈烈。此次事件中,冲突双方情绪激烈,谩骂、撕扯,用棍棒相互殴打,喷洒辣椒水,现场一片混乱,一些白人至上主义分子还“全副武装”,头盔、盾牌、警棍和枪支,一个不少。夏洛茨维尔骚乱可以看作是白人种族主义抬头、另类右翼谋求更多关注的新起点。

(作者为中国社会科学院美国研究所研究员)

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