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夏洛茨维尔暴力冲突折射美国社会种族新问题
2017-08-19 06:16:44 中国青年网
冰冻三尺非一日之寒
近几年来,类似夏洛茨维尔骚乱的事件屡见不鲜,一次次将美国种族问题的痼疾展现于世。根据2017年3月15日盖洛普的民调数据,美国42%的人对种族关系非常担忧,2010年奥巴马执政初期时这个数字只有13%。今年是洛杉矶骚乱发生的25周年,加州4月的一项调查显示,60%的受访者认为不出5年,还会再现这样的骚乱。多种因素导致了种族关系趋于恶化。
首先,在夏洛茨维尔骚乱中,白人民族主义者在示威中大喊“把美国夺回来”“你们不会取代我们”,这是白人对自身人口减少,在不远的将来可能沦为少数族裔所表现出的不满和愤怒,白人对人口构成变化没有充分的心理准备。奥巴马卸任前和《纽约客》记者说起,他认为像他这样的人当选为美国总统不可避免,但他早当选了20年,使得整个国家不得不有更多的调整和适应。言外之意,就是美国还没有准备好迎接一位少数族裔总统。
1980年时白人占美国人口的比例超过80%,2010年人口普查显示,美国白人人口比例降到了63%,预计2043年前后比例将低于50%。从长远看,白人人口萎缩趋势不可逆转,仅就目前而言,白人人口的自然减少影响范围有限。2016年大选白人选民占总选民数的73.3%,2012年这个数据是73.7%。根据2013年的数据,白人家庭拥有美国财富总量的90%, 拉美裔是2.3%、非洲裔是2.6%,剩余5.1%是其他少数族裔。2016年9月1日美国联邦人口普查局公布的数据显示,美国全国企业中只有17.5%为少数族裔拥有。从政府人员构成看,美国自建国以来,少数族裔总统只有奥巴马一位,几乎全是盎格鲁—撒克逊人的后裔,国会两院80%以上的成员是白人,全国80%以上大学校长也是白人。所以,从财富和权力集中程度看,美国还是白色的美国。
其次,少数族裔不满加剧。奥巴马作为第一位非洲裔总统,非洲裔美国人对他寄予了希望,但直到奥巴马8年任期结束,非洲裔的状况也并没有什么改善,失业率是白人的两倍,25%的人生活在贫困线之下。奥巴马任内一个突出现象就是白人警察杀害无辜非洲裔的事件频发,从弗格森、纽约到巴尔的摩、巴吞鲁日、夏洛特等地,涉案警察往往逍遥法外。2016年共有258名非洲裔被警察枪杀,占到全国被枪杀人数的1/3。非洲裔用自己的方式表达了不满,从非暴力行动转化为暴力行动,甚至以暴制暴。2016年7月7日达拉斯非洲裔老兵迈卡·约翰逊不满非洲裔遭警察枪杀,打死5名警察,打伤多名,在和警察对峙时,约翰逊对谈判人员称他对于近期警方枪杀非洲裔的行为非常气愤,想要杀死白人,特别是白人警察。
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