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暴力的文明之旅
2017-08-16 08:41:19 中国青年网
除了国家之间的暴力文明演进路径外,国家内部对于暴力的文明制约或许更为有力。亨廷顿说,“文明的概念提供了一个判断社会的标准”。文明的概念也为现代国家武力的生成、维系与运用提供判断标准,而其具体载体则体现为规则与法治。从一开始,人类构筑国家的目的,是保障共同体的安全,促进公共理性。一旦公共理性形成,就渐渐转变为法治系统,通过规则来规制武力和暴力。所以,自从国家诞生之后,经由战争孵化出的文明,就开始了反制暴力的漫长过程。其最终的目标在于:从暴力中发轫出的国家与法治,限制了暴力的等级和扩大,所谓“国家建设旨在集权,法治却在一旁掣肘”(福山语)。
当然,暴力的文明之旅是一个连续、且至今仍在继续发展着的过程。在武力与法律这两大政治秩序组件中,武力需要保障国家权力,而法律又要限制国家权力,国家建设和武力一直在紧张氛围中共存:战争(武力)催生了国家的诞生,重新排列了国家;国家(官僚制)的发展又反过来试图将游荡的武力组织收编,因为“暴力气氛所孕育的无数危险,时时都在威胁个人”。而国家将武力纳入法治体制当中,以实现对武力的控制,首先在于确立起足够文明的规则体系,既能够将武力的强化限定在正当的范围之内,又能有效剔除其非法暴力性的一面,激发合法秩序的生成。
这种规则,我们称之为——军事法。
(作者系国防大学政治学院教授)
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