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拜占庭金币的东方之旅

2017-08-14 05:22:53   中国青年网

自上而下分别为查士丁尼一世金币、查士丁尼二世金币、利奥六世金币的正背面

本期主持:陈志强(南开大学历史学院教授)

本期主题:全球视野下的拜占庭金币研究

主持人语:拜占庭金币在旧大陆所有文明区的发现对拜占庭研究具有重大意义。从金币及其仿制品附带的多种信息中,学者们可以深入探讨拜占庭经济史发展的基本线索,了解拜占庭帝国与各个古代文明区的经贸关系和阶段性特征,特别是对古代丝绸之路在中西经济与文化交流中的重要性。本期刊发的几篇文章探讨了拜占庭金币在中国、蒙古、中亚等地发现的重要意义及其启示,而拜占庭金币研究中的“二重证据”方法也颇具新意。

拜占庭学是以拜占庭帝国的历史文化为中心的学术研究分支。近百年来随着拜占庭考古事业的不断发展,沉寂于地下逾千年的实物资料也日渐受到重视,成为结合文字资料解读拜占庭历史的重要辅助手段。其中,拜占庭钱币尤其是金币的发掘和研究,成为学术界研究的新亮点。

拜占庭货币是帝国权力和财富的象征,其制造和发行继承了罗马帝国的传统,有金、银、铜三种材质。其中金币由于质地精良、含金量实足,且有帝国统治做后盾,成为古代晚期和早期中世纪地中海地区商业贸易及外交往来的重要流通工具,被誉为“中世纪的美元”。4世纪初君士坦丁大帝对罗马帝国的货币进行改革,确立了以索里得金币为核心的货币体系;5世纪末皇帝阿纳斯塔修斯一世再次进行币制改革,确立了拜占庭货币相对固定的兑换比率,由此金币索里得(希腊语称为诺米兹玛nomisma)奠定了其在古代晚期地中海世界无可动摇的统治地位。

拜占庭索里得的制作有着严格的标准,是足金打制的货币。金币被广泛用于流通、储备、税收、纳贡、官员们的工资支付和国际贸易。金币上印有丰富生动的帝王胸像、宗教符号和铭文,使其承担着宣传皇帝权威与实践基督教会教化意图的功能。《查士丁尼法典》中规定:“黄金不仅不得提供给蛮族;甚至一旦发现蛮族人持有拜占庭之黄金,必须以智谋取回。此后若有商人因购买奴隶或其他商品而将黄金支付于蛮族,他们不会被罚款,而是处以死刑;若有法官发现此类罪行不予处罚,甚或助之隐瞒者,以同犯论处。”拜占庭皇帝严格禁止周边蛮族王国制作和发行金币,更不允许他们在私自发行的钱币上印制王名,因为他们德不配位。这样的后果是,6至7世纪以后包括东哥特和西哥特王国在内的蛮族国家都假借拜占庭皇帝的名义发行金币,也就是我们常见的“伪币”或“伪帝国”金币。

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