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深化改革铸就新成就

2017-08-15 17:14:22   国际在线

第二,在增长速度下降的同时,过去30多年粗放式增长所积累的各种深层次不合理的结构性问题全面凸显,中国经济步入结构调整的阵痛期。例如,国际金融危机带来的外需衰退直接导致外需与内需不平衡的结构性问题凸显;能源价格的大幅度下降直接导致能源依赖型产业和区域出现崩塌;消费升级加剧了粗放式发展所导致的产品供给质量不足和供给结构不合理的问题;产能过剩导致大量没有创新能力的企业绩效严重恶化,僵尸企业严重影响宏观经济的运行。

第三,由于对上述趋势性和结构性变化没有准确的认识,片面的“稳增长”使得各级政府采取“强刺激”,通过超量的货币发行和信贷扩张来扩大各类投资,以此来简单弥补外需下滑带来的缺口,其结果是各类结构性问题进一步恶化,债务高企、风险上扬、资金空转、增长乏力等现象进一步加剧。面对双重风险并存的新失衡,需求管理的局限凸显,退出全面反危机政策轨道之后的成本消化压力巨大。

  困境中实现稳中求进

面对国内外错综复杂的经济形势,党中央、国务院迎难而上,不仅通过全面启动“供给侧结构性改革”应对“三期叠加”所带来的经济压力,而且通过一系列制度改革释放了长期的经济活力。近5年来,在深化“供给侧结构性改革”的引领下,我国经济坚持“稳增长、调结构、惠民生、防风险”,通过提质增效实现了稳中求进。从总量增长看,稳增长的同时兼顾了对经济下行和通货膨胀双重风险的防范;从对短期失衡的控制看,牢牢守住了稳增长和防风险的双重底线;从近期与长期增长的协调上看,适度增长与结构转变相互衔接;从宏观调控方式上看,总需求管理与深化供给侧结构性改革相配合;从发展与改革的统一上看,以改革开放的深化推动生产力的解放,全面体现着稳中求进的总基调。

纵观世界各国,十八大以来的中国经济无疑是一道亮丽的风景线。统计数据显示,2013年至2016年,我国经济年均增长率为7.2%,这一数值远高于世界经济同期2.5%的平均水平,也高于发展中经济体4.0%的平均水平。我国的国内生产总值占世界经济总量的比重逐年提升,稳居世界第二位,而且人均水平也在稳步提高。2016年,我国人均国民总收入超过8000美元,接近中等偏上收入国家平均水平。在经济面临“三期叠加”、国际局势动荡复杂的情形下,这些成绩的取得来之不易,和改革的深入推进密切相关。

第一,多方面改革稳步推进,“市场起决定性作用”的“四梁八柱”已经形成。十八大以来,市场在资源配置中的决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用成为资源配置的共识。为了推进市场的决定性作用,中央政府围绕两个方面的内容做了大量的改革:一方面,通过放权、确权等改革方式明晰产权主体,为市场配置资源奠定微观主体基础。例如,中央政府持续向市场和社会放权,国务院已分9批审议通过取消和下放行政审批事项共618项,清理453项非行政许可审批事项,分3批取消320项国务院部门行政审批中介服务清单,工商登记前置审批事项目录清单分3批精简了85%等;稳步推进土地制度改革,目前农村承包地确权登记颁证整省试点已经达到22个,2017年将扩大到28个,近300个县级行政区开展了农村承包土地的经营权和农民住房财产权抵押贷款等“两权”试点;国有企业公司制、股份制改革全面提速,中央企业各级子企业公司制改制面超过92%,省级国资委监管企业的改制面超过90%。这些举措使得市场经济的微观主体更加庞大、产权更为明确、权利更加清晰,市场决定性作用有了微观基石。另一方面,通过价格市场化改革,市场价格信号在资源配置中的作用越来越强。例如,十八大以来,中央、地方具体定价项目分别减少80%和55%,水、电、天然气、粮食、医疗、交通、经营服务性收费七大领域的价格改革正在稳步推进,利率市场化改革不断推进,汇率形成机制进一步完善,境内银行间债券市场对外开放措施进一步完善。这些改革使得市场经济的核心指标——价格在引导资源配置中起到了更为重要的作用。这些基础性改革预示着市场起决定性作用的“四梁八柱”已逐步形成。

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