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僵尸企业为何“僵而不死”
2017-08-15 09:11:15 中国青年网
原因三:以银行为代表的债权方不断“输血”。银行为了保持一定的核心资本充足率,会不断地给亏损企业续贷,以免将之前的贷款记为坏账。尤其是面对国有“僵尸企业”,银行很可能觉得地方政府会竭力帮助它们“起死回生”。在类似想法的支持下,银行继续提供信贷,以此来掩盖、拖延问题,其结果是资金不断流向“僵尸企业”,不仅无法产生效益,反而会加剧不良贷款的隐患。
提升金融资源配置效率
研究显示,1998年,如果一家企业的负债率达到80%,即有一半的概率会退出;到2008年,这一概率降到35%;近年来,退出概率进一步下降。
“僵尸企业”退出越来越难,背后折射出了金融资源的配置效率问题。大量低效的“僵尸企业”不断借新债还旧债,挤占了越来越多的资金,而一些真正健康的企业却难以有效获得金融支持,创新、发展和创造就业的能力受到抑制。
整体经济的活力,取决于核心经济资源的配置效率。新形势下,“僵尸企业”的问题不能再靠不断“输血”来解决了。去年年底召开的中央经济工作会议明确提出,以混合所有制为突破口深化国企国资改革。由此,我们也可以通过引进各类资本来妥善处置“僵尸企业”。一方面是引资还债,另一方面是吸引真正能干的企业家尤其是面广量大的民营企业家来盘活相关资产。如此,把金融资源从“僵尸企业”中释放出来,使宝贵的信贷能真正配置到有现实生产力的企业中。
另外,“僵尸企业”问题的一个重要根源在于政企不分。有鉴于此,需要从改革体制机制入手,包括改革地方政府官员、国企高管以及国有银行高管的激励和晋升机制。同时,弱化经济增速在考核中的重要性,更多地发挥市场机制在监督、淘汰企业中的作用。通过不断深化改革,让市场在资源配置中起决定性作用,使中国经济长期、稳定、健康地发展。
(作者单位:同济大学经济与管理学院)
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