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民法总则彰显人文关怀(人民要论)
2017-08-13 04:12:12 中国青年网
民法总则将真正成为民事权利的宣言书
众所周知,现代法治强调规范公权、保障私权,现代法律的功能主要是确认权利、分配权利、保障权利、救济权利。民法总则广泛确认公民享有的各项人格权、物权、债权、知识产权、亲属权、继承权等权利,从而真正成为民事权利的宣言书。民法调整的人身关系和财产关系涉及社会生活的方方面面,直接关系到人民群众的切身利益和社会的生产生活秩序。民法总则从维护广大人民群众根本利益出发,完善了社会生活的基本规则。民法总则的制定使我们坚信,我们有条件、有能力制定一部立足中国实际、展现时代特色,科学的、屹立于世界民法典之林的民法典。
确立民法作为权利法的基本制度框架。民法是权利法,民法典的体系构建应以民事权利为“中心轴”展开。我国民法总则正是以民事权利为“中心轴”展开的,其有关自然人、法人等的规定,是对权利主体的规定;有关民事权利的规定,包含对民事权利的类型、客体、权利行使方式的规定;有关民事法律行为和代理的规定,是对民事权利行使具体规则的规定;有关民事责任的规定,是对侵害民事权利而产生的法律后果的规定;有关诉讼时效的规定,是对民事权利行使期限的规定。民法总则就主体、客体、法律行为及民事责任等的一般规则作出规定,而分则体系将以物权、合同债权、亲属权、继承权以及侵害民事权利的侵权责任为主线展开,在此基础上形成完整的制度体系。从这个意义上说,民法总则不仅奠定了民法典分则制度设计的基本格局,而且也为整个民事立法的发展确立了制度基础。
构建完整的民事权利体系。民法总则专设一章规定民事权利,构建了完整的民事权利体系,体现了对民事权利的重视,这本身也是一个亮点。民法总则在民事权利体系规定方面的进步性,主要体现在如下几个方面:第一,首次在法律上明确规定隐私权的概念。民法通则只是规定了名誉权,而没有规定隐私权,司法实践一直通过名誉权保护隐私权,此种做法不利于保护隐私权,因为侵害隐私权并不必然导致个人名誉权受损。侵权责任法虽然也规定了隐私权,但只是在保护范围中规定了隐私权。民法总则第一次明确规定了隐私权受法律保护。第二,规定了个人信息权。虽然民法总则没有明确使用“个人信息权”的概念,但可以认为其承认了独立的个人信息权。个人信息权主要是指对个人信息的支配和自主决定的权利。近年来,个人信息被随意侵犯、买卖的现象比较严重,民法总则的这一规定有利于强化对个人信息的保护。第三,规定了对数据和网络虚拟财产的保护。现代社会,数据的开发和利用已成为科技创新的重要内容,数据和网络虚拟财产也成为民事主体的重要财产,民法总则对数据和网络虚拟财产进行保护正是对社会发展需求的回应。第四,规定了民事主体享有法律规定的其他民事权利和利益。也就是说,不论是权利还是利益都受到法律保护。这不仅与保护民事权益的基本原则相对应,而且为将来对新型民事权益的保护预留了空间,体现了民法总则规则的开放性。
充分尊重个人依法享有的行为自由。保障私权需要确认个人所享有的各项人身和财产权益,还应系统规定私权的救济机制,全面保障私权。同时,保障私权还意味着尊重个人的“私法自治”,其本质上是尊重个人的自由和自主。与公权力“法无明文规定不可为”相反,私权的行使是“法无禁止即可为”,即只要是法律没有明文规定禁止个人进入的领域,按照私法自治原则,个人均有权进入。这既有利于节约国家治理成本,也有利于增加社会活力,激发主体的创造力。民法总则第五条确认了自愿原则,规定:“民事主体从事民事活动,应当遵循自愿原则,按照自己的意思设立、变更、终止民事法律关系。”该条赋予民事主体依法享有在法定范围广泛的行为自由,并可以根据自己的意志产生、变更、消灭民事法律关系。自愿原则作为民法的一项基本原则,贯穿于整个民法之中,体现了民法尊重人、保护人的基本精神。
(作者为中国民法学研究会会长、中国人民大学教授)
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