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民法总则彰显人文关怀(人民要论)

2017-08-13 04:12:12   中国青年网

确立了保护权利的立法目的。民法总则所确立的基本原则,彰显了意思自治和权益保护,致力于促进人的全面发展。民法总则第一条开宗明义地指明:“为了保护民事主体的合法权益,调整民事关系,维护社会和经济秩序,适应中国特色社会主义发展要求,弘扬社会主义核心价值观,根据宪法,制定本法。”可见,我国民法的立法目的之一是保护民事主体的合法权益。接下来的几条明确了平等、自愿、公平、诚信等原则,强调民事主体的人身权利、财产权利以及其他合法权益受法律保护,任何组织或者个人不得侵犯。这些都体现出民法总则追求对个人全面保护、维护人的价值、调动人的积极性,进而弘扬社会主义核心价值观,促进经济社会发展。

体系结构彰显对人的保护。从民法总则的体系结构来看,其关于民事权利、民事义务的规则设计也都是以人为中心的。该法虽然也调整交易关系,但其本质上是以保护人、关爱人为中心的。一方面,它确认了自然人的人身自由、人格尊严受法律保护的原则。人格尊严是人格权法律制度的立法基础。在今天,人民的基本生存权已经得到了保护,在此背景下,更应让人格尊严作为基本人权得到法律保护。另一方面,它强化了对财产权的保护。只有有效保护个人的人身和财产权益,才能增强人们的投资信心、置产愿望和创业动力。在广大人民群众物质生活条件得到极大改善、个人财产不断增加的情况下,对财产安全的保护显得尤为重要。保护财产,就是保护人们诚实劳动,保护人们对美好生活的向往。例如,民法总则明确规定“民事主体的财产权利受法律平等保护”,在物权法的基础上完善了平等保护原则,将物权法中的物权平等保护扩展到所有财产权的平等保护。这彰显了民事法律“私权平等”的价值取向,适应了我国当前改革中强化产权保护的现实需要。

增加了对特定主体民事权利的保护。比如,增加了对胎儿利益的保护。民法总则第十六条规定:“涉及遗产继承、接受赠与等胎儿利益保护的,胎儿视为具有民事权利能力。但是胎儿娩出时为死体的,其民事权利能力自始不存在。”虽然胎儿没有出生,还不能完全作为独立主体存在,不可能完全适用自然人的权利能力和行为能力规则,但是在涉及遗产继承、接受赠与、提出损害赔偿请求等方面,又有受保护的必要。所以,民法总则专门对此进行了规范。再如,民法总则规定8周岁以上的未成年人为限制民事行为能力人,实施民事法律行为由其法定代理人代理或者经其法定代理人同意、追认,但是可以独立实施纯获利益的民事法律行为或者与其年龄、智力相适应的民事法律行为。这一规定有利于保护未成年人,允许他们从事一定的民事活动,可以方便他们的生活,并培养其社会交往能力。此外,民法总则监护制度的规则也发生了重大变化,即从传统上把被监护人作为管理对象转变为把被监护人视为独立主体,力求实现被监护人利益的最大化,充分尊重其独立意愿,这也体现了民法的人文关怀精神。

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