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探寻两极:帝王享国的时间秘密

2017-08-11 16:26:46   中国青年网

伊陟是名臣伊尹之子,太戊和伊陟的明君贤臣故事,容易让人联想到伊尹辅佐商王的掌故。尽管《竹书纪年》对伊尹放太甲的典故有另类叙述,但历史的规律向来是,细节越缺乏、内容越模糊、记载越稀少,就会被后人引申为更多内涵,即使被歪曲,也缺乏材料互相佐证。对于太戊这段历史的详细呈现,以及“享国七十五年”里发生了哪些惊心动魄的事件,恐怕只有留待今后的考古发掘提供更多可能了。

享国日久不算稀奇

夏商周断代工程的结论发布后,西周共和前的帝王在位时间有了精准的答案,但相关争议仍旧存在。《尚书》《史记》里都把中宗的称号归于太戊,但一些人眼中记叙“暗黑版上古史”的《竹书纪年》却指出中宗是祖乙,“祖乙胜即位,是为中宗,居庇”。《晏子春秋》上有记载,“夫汤、太甲、武丁、祖乙,天下之盛君也”。这四个名字里,前三人都是没什么争议的著名商王,祖乙的知名度确实小很多。

祖乙是何许人也?从商王序列上看,祖乙是河亶甲和祖辛之间的商王,是太戊的孙子。王国维在甲骨文中发现了佐证《竹书纪年》的材料,他曾讲道,“戬寿堂所藏殷契文字中,有断片,存字六,曰:中宗祖乙牛,吉。称祖乙为中宗,全与古来尚书学家之说违异”。如果中宗真的是祖乙,那么太戊是中宗的说法又是怎么来的?商王里只有为数不多的几人享有庙号,如果中宗的冠冕不归太戊,时间线是错乱的,其在位75年的漫长纪录是否也值得怀疑呢?

这些历史的悬案,目前无法解决。但从中能窥见一个吊诡的现象:上古历史的真相含混不清,一方面是出于时光抹去了太多珍贵的记录,也与不同文献和材料的不同记录造成的混乱有关。在后人试图擦拭附在真相之上的尘土时,人们或许没意识到,历史真相可能在当时就被隐藏起来了。

还有一种可能是史书记载的错误,即使严谨如《史记》,也不能保证一点谬误没有。虽然《陈杞世家》里将陈杞两国并称,但记叙杞国历史的文字不过几百,甚至毫不客气地写道:“杞小微,其事不足称述。”让太史公吐槽的杞国,真的这么不值一提吗?除了留下杞人忧天这个典故,杞国历史还有很多仍藏在尘埃之下。

对杞桓公在位时间的争议,就是一个典型的例子。今人讲到杞桓公时,皆称其在位长达70年,但我最早读到《史记·陈杞世家》时,却大为迷惑。因为,其间白纸黑字写到,“桓公十七年卒,子孝公匄”。我查阅相关研究后发现,作家骆宾基早有论文《以<春秋左传>证<史记·陈杞世家>之误——杞桓公称子称伯及辈次考》谈及此事,以相关文献佐证和反推出《史记》记录的遗漏和谬误。鉴于太史公下笔极其谨慎,或许是后来抄录者的笔误,将70年写成了17年,致使谬误流传后世。另外,如《史记集解》中所述:“世本曰惠公立十八年,生成公及桓公;成公立十八年,桓公立十七年。”换言之,《陈杞世家》不仅弄错了杞桓公的在位时间,可能还漏写了其他杞国君主的名字。经由其他史料的配合推理,今人已经勾勒出杞国世系和时间表(西周之后)的大致脉络。这个沿袭了夏风的千年古国,其模糊的面孔也愈发清晰。

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