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权威解密跨境追赃需迈几道坎

2017-08-11 15:21:39   中国青年网

黄风:解决追赃难,主要应该从两方面入手,一是加强反洗钱调查,二是建立统一的没收制度。

之前已经提到,因为不法分子的种种洗钱行为,对违法所得的证据认定还存在困难。解决这个问题,需要进一步强化我国的反洗钱立法和监管。在我国刑法和司法实践中,洗钱罪通常仅限定于“协助”上游犯罪人掩盖或者转移犯罪收益的行为。例如,如果贪污受贿者自行通过洗钱向外国转移财产,这种“自洗钱”是不被单独定罪的,只被作为贪污受贿罪的情节在量刑时予以考虑。“自洗钱不入罪”的做法不利于对洗钱行为的调查、打击。因此要改变目前司法实践中“自洗钱不入罪”的做法,加大对“自洗钱”行为的调查和打击力度,使我国能借助反洗钱国际合作追缴被转移到境外的资产。在反洗钱监管方面,应尽快创造条件将房地产商、律师事务所、会计师事务所、拍卖行等特定非金融机构纳入到反洗钱义务人的行列。

记者:关于统一的没收制度,新刑诉法中增加了特别没收程序的条款,而且这一条款已经在实践中开始运作。如江西省鄱阳县财政局经济建设股原股长李华波案,李华波将2953万元贪污所得转至新加坡,他本人也潜逃新加坡,今年8月,江西省上饶市检察机关向上饶市中级人民法院申请没收李华波的涉案财产和违法所得。另外,前几天,湖北省也启动了首例没收外逃贪官违法所得案。“特别没收程序”对建立统一没收制度是否也有积极影响?

黄风:充分利用新刑事诉讼法引入的“犯罪嫌疑人、被告人逃匿、死亡案件违法所得的没收程序”,加强对外逃犯罪嫌疑人涉案资产的调查和追缴,是一个重要方法。不过,这一规定还需进一步细化,以便于操作。

另外一方面,应尽快改革财产刑制度,将没收财产的范围严格与违法所得数额挂钩,尽量在审判中用罚金刑取代“没收个人全部财产”。

建立统一没收制度之外,还有一个重要问题,就是尽快通过“相互承认和执行没收令制度”。

“相互承认和执行没收令制度”,是国际上关于追赃的一项较为成熟的制度,也是《联合国反腐败公约》明确规定各成员国需要建立的一项国际追赃法律制度。如果有了这一制度,只要在能够证明相关资产是非法所得的情况下,一国司法机关就可以签发没收令,并请求其他国家协助执行。

此前,我国曾讨论过“相互承认和执行没收令制度”及相关立法,但由于涉及诸多部门,使得这一制度至今还未建立。如果确立这项制度,并通过相关立法,可以给跨境追赃奠定互惠互利的坚实基础,并使之常态化和法治化。

制图/李晓军

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