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权威解密跨境追赃需迈几道坎

2017-08-11 15:21:39   中国青年网

记者:我国已经是《联合国反腐败公约》、《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》等国际公约的成员国,如您刚才所说,相关国际公约已经对跨境追赃工作有了非常明确的规定,为何我国的跨境追赃工作仍然存在困难?

黄风:我国的跨境追赃工作存在困难,主要有两方面原因。

第一个原因在于对违法所得的证据认定存在难点。一些不法分子向境外转移非法资产通常采用洗钱的手段。如利用签订虚假商贸合同、借贷合同或者在境外注册空壳公司等方式掩盖巨额资金的划转、取得或使用,通过地下钱庄转移资金,采用大额提现和多账户资金跳转的方式等。不法分子洗钱后,办案机关很难查明哪些属于非法所得,很难向其他国家证明资产的非法性。

第二个原因在于没收裁决的认可问题。我国刑法对于犯罪分子的违法所得,采用“没收个人全部财产刑”。然而,有些国家对个人财产权有不同的规定,这些国家的法律在冻结、扣押和没收自然人或法人资产问题上都有自己的条件、程序及证据标准,而现有的国际条约均强调有关国际合作须在资产流入国“法律允许的范围内”进行。

记者:也有观点认为,境外追赃之所以难,还有一个原因在于各国都欢迎资金流入,而且稳定地留在其境内,自然不愿意到手的钱再流回去。另外,在处置赃款时,国与国之间还存在对赃款的分成一说。

黄风:这也是一方面原因。赃款涉及巨大经济利益,在全球经济不景气的大背景下,不论哪个国家都不愿意将已经流入的资产再退回去。

至于分成,应该说,分享是国际惯例。因为对赃款的处置存在法律冲突。举例说,不法分子在我国作案,有不法所得,我国是受害国,不法所得理应归我所有。不法分子潜逃境外,如果我们采取境外追诉的办法,由其他国家对外逃犯罪嫌疑人立案侦查并作出刑事判决,对方国自然将违法所得纳入他的诉讼程序中,认为违法所得归他所有。在这种情况下,就会出现对赃款的分享。

完善反洗钱和没收制度

记者:目前,我国与38个国家签署了引渡条约,与51个国家签订了刑事司法协助类条约,与93个国家签署了检务合作协议或谅解备忘录,与189个国家建立了警务合作关系,初步构建了追逃追赃的国际合作网络。另外,今年APEC北京会议通过的《北京反腐败宣言》、G20布里斯班峰会通过的反腐行动计划,这些都给我国的跨境追逃追赃工作奠定了基础。从实际工作来看,追逃已经取得很大成绩,我们下一步应该如何在追赃上有所突破?

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