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法律规范冲突有碍法治权威(对话)

2017-08-09 07:38:23   中国青年网

日前,中央环保督察组在对甘肃进行环保督察时发现,2013年修订的《甘肃省矿产资源勘查开采审批管理办法》,允许在自然保护区实验区内开采矿产,这违反了自然保护区条例等上位法的相关规定。现实中,这种情况并不鲜见。记者就此采访了武汉大学法学院教授江国华。

记者:什么是法律规范冲突?我国现行法律规范通常存在哪些冲突?

江国华:法律规范冲突是指多个法律规范之间就同一法律关系都进行了规定和调整,但是这些法律规范进行适用时,其法律效果有所不同且无法相容的情形。

一般而言,法律规范冲突通常存在以下四种情况:一是新法与旧法之间的冲突;二是特别法与普通法之间的冲突;三是同一位阶法律规范之间的冲突,即处于同一效力层级的法律之间、行政法规之间、地方性法规之间、部门规章之间的规范冲突;四是下位法与上位法之间的冲突。

记者:出现法律规范冲突的原因是什么,会造成哪些影响?

江国华:法律规范冲突的根源在于我国立法体制。我国立法尤其是中央立法规定得比较原则,大多缺乏可操作性的细化规定,不同立法主体在制度设计时,往往出现有意识地强化和扩大地方利益和部门利益的情况。

法律规范冲突扰乱了现有法律秩序,损害了法律体系内部的系统性和完整性,有碍法治的权威和统一。

记者:您认为应如何解决法律规范的冲突?

江国华:首先,明确立法主体之间的权限划分。立法权限划分核心是中央与地方的立法权限划分,其基本任务是既要保证地方立法的自主空间,又要避免地方保护主义对法制统一的不利影响。为此,有必要在中央专属立法事项之外,逐条明确列举地方立法的专属事项,对于中央和地方立法权限内的重叠范围,要重点明确地方立法对中央立法进行细化规定的程度和空间。

其次,应盘活宪法和立法法中立法的合法性审查条款,建立一套常态化的立法合法性审查与保障机制。

此外,还应加强对立法各个阶段的程序控制。在立法的提出、起草、审议、表决和公布等阶段中,宪法和立法法已经作出了严格的程序性要求,但在实际的立法过程中,对这些程序性规定的落实还不尽到位。

为此,建议建立以下制度来加强对立法工作的程序控制:

合法性一票否决机制,即涉及超越立法权限、违反上位法规定的情况,如果发生在立法制定过程中,就要立即叫停该项立法活动,待违法情形消除之后才能继续展开后续立法工作;而如果出现在备案审查环节之中,审查机关就应当坚决地按照相关规定对该立法进行改变或撤销。

落实专家论证会和立法听证会等民主立法制度,切实听取并认真研究专家学者和社会公众所提出的意见建议,有条件的地方可进行公开的立法论证和立法听证。

建立审查责任制度,即审查机关如果存在审查和监督不到位的情况,必须承担相应的法律责任,以此加强对立法的备案审查工作。

运用好立法评估制度,建立定期评估和逐一评估的工作机制,避免出现“评估的形式化”和“选择性评估”现象,真正将每一部立法都置于公开公正的评估程序之下。

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