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美科学家:探测火星没必要设禁区

2017-08-10 02:02:58   国际在线

近年来,行星保护办公室与NASA喷气推进实验室(JPL)总是发生冲突,后者是“好奇”号火星车的装配部门。

JPL在110℃的烤箱中烘烤火星车部件,持续了一个星期,将其灭菌至可以探索特殊区域的洁净水平。但是在完工前几周,JPL工程师决定,应该在其机器手臂上安装一个钻头。他们打开已经灭菌的部位,这一违反行星保护协议的做法,直接导致办公室对“好奇”号的洁净程度降级。JPL工程师抱怨办公室提出要求的方式令人困惑且很模糊。

“火星2020”任务也要吃“红牌”?

康利的前任、生物学家约翰·鲁梅尔说,最近,JPL已经与行星保护办公室对接“火星2020”任务,届时火星车将收集火星岩石样本。JPL对与地下海水有关的目标区域感兴趣,但火星车的洁净程度决定了这是不被允许的活动。此外,办公室尚未就火星车缓存岩芯管道的消毒技术与JPL达成一致。

一直受到预算不多和工作人员少等限制的行星保护办公室,将继续按照传统措施来测量航天器的“生物负载”——其携带的可存活微生物孢子数量。

乔治敦大学行星科学家萨拉·约翰逊认为,办公室应该学会运用两项创新的技术来达到监管目的:一是用化学物质将DNA从死亡或存活细胞中分离出来的化学方法;二是用基因测序方法对生物体进行分类,以评估它们在火星上存活的可能性。

作为“好奇”号项目的团队成员,约翰逊希望看到政策的变化,允许火星车考察潮湿条纹地带。

火星环境恶劣,消毒也许多余

费恩希望NASA降低消毒标准,因为“越来越多证据表明,火星表面的恶劣环境和致命的宇宙辐射,能迅速杀死地球微生物”,而附着在火星车身上的微生物数量其实极其有限。他指出,即便有些微生物能生存下去,未来可以通过基因测序来区分其来自地球还是火星“土著”。

宾夕法尼亚州立大学地球科学家吉姆·凯斯特的观点更绝对,他认为,火星土壤已经被证明如此荒芜,“在火星近地表环境中找到生命的机会几乎为零”。

但是,鲁梅尔计划向《天体生物学》杂志提交反驳意见书,他不同意费恩关于“火星车不会传播污染”的假设。

NASA在这一问题上的政策是否会改变,还要等到新的行星保护办公室负责人就位、国际学术研讨会召开之后才有定论,让我们拭目以待。

(科技日报北京8月9日电)

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