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从副文本看绘画
2017-08-07 04:31:29 中国青年网
不同时代的绘画副文本,展示了不同时空的鉴赏者对同一绘画文本的理解,他们的理解,与其时的社会政治态势、时代文化思潮息息相关。北宋宗室画家赵令松,字永年,擅画工诗,尤善画狗,曾作《乳厖图》,乳厖为小长毛狗。南宋末年,诗书画兼擅的宗室赵孟坚鉴赏了先祖所绘的乳厖,感慨万千,信笔手书《得宗老大年小景及永年乳厖,共为一手卷,因成感赋》。作为副文本的这首题诗,下笔千言,却离题万里。“我观题纪考世代,爰知忠诚在保邦。”两句提出了赵令松画狗的意旨在于赤心爱国,忠诚保家。“乙酉岁直当崇宁,驯至大观当升平。”赵孟坚认为,《乳厖图》暗含深意,乃是当时辽夏交侵形势之下的健笔书愤。崇宁四年乙酉(1105),宋与西夏屡屡交战,宋军节节胜利。西夏与吐蕃联合,又与辽结盟,辽两次遣使要求宋退兵。题诗“潦上正觅海东青,金虏将合海上盟。事起渺微当豫计,犬羊种息潜滋生”云云,即是对此年宋辽西夏局势的概括。其中“金虏”之称,当为赵孟坚误记。1105年,金尚未立国。“宗老心心为宗祏,画此岂是矜笔力”,《乳厖图》体现了赵令松一心为国(宗祏指宗庙家国)的情怀,而并非矜夸笔力雄健。题诗中直接描写乳厖的,仅“此犬在乳已吠噬,须识忘恩能肆逆”两句。两句借画中长毛小狗的狂吠撕咬,喻指西夏、辽,蒙宠多年却忘恩负义,觊觎大宋。赵孟坚题诗未免过度阐发,《乳厖图》未必含有这样的意义。显然,副文本已完全偏离了绘画文本。
通过副文本,可复原特定的鉴赏场景,从而揭示鉴赏者的艺术情趣和时代文化风貌。赵令松之兄赵令穰曾作《江村秋晓图》,万历十九年(1591),赵士桢收藏此画,如获至宝,其拖尾跋文欣喜语气洋溢于字里行间:“他氏得之,尚重若灵蛇之珠、荆山之璧,桢也敢不奉为家宝。”万历二十八年(1600),汪元范得观此图,在赵士桢跋后题云:“庚子夏孟望日,颍川汪元范观于左辅南氏玄象山房。”汪元范,字明生,与题跋下钤“汪元范印”“明生”相合。南氏,指南师仲,字子兴,与赵士桢为至交,室名玄象山房。万历二十八年五月十五,赵士桢将《江村秋晓图》携至玄象山房,与南子兴、汪元范同观,汪元范题字。更有意味的是,此日的赏鉴活动还有一个人——张寅,此人没有题字,但在汪元范题字后钤下了自己的两枚印章:“张寅”“恭父”。张寅以琢砚著名于时,亦擅画。“恭父”当为张寅之字或号。张寅与汪元范交好,汪有诗《张恭父画柳行》(朱彝尊编《明诗综》卷六十九)赞其绘画,诗中称其“张生”,显系晚辈。此次赏鉴活动,汪元范带上了张寅,张在汪题字后钤章。穿越时空,我们可以悬想四百多年前四人品鉴绘画的洒落意态,特别是张寅虔诚钤下自己印章的情景。
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