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从“重农抑商”到“工商皆本”

2017-08-07 03:32:07   中国青年网

唐朝中后期,抑商政策放松,商业有了较大发展。到了宋代,出现了商业的大繁荣,社会对商业的看法和态度也发生了明显的改变。叶梦得从社会分工的角度指出:“出作入息,农之治生也;居肆成事,工之治生也;贸迁有无,商之治生也;膏油继晷,士之治生也。”即认为士农工商只不过是不同的治生策略,没有孰优孰劣的问题。大文豪欧阳修说:“治国如治身,四民犹四体,奈何窒其一,无异稧厥趾。工作而商行,本末相表里。”明代大学者王阳明更主张四民同列,说:“古者四民异业而同道,其尽心焉,一也。”

不仅人们的观念发生了转变,国家政策也在变。到了宋代,抑商的政策已经放宽了。宋太宗就下诏:“除商旅货币外,其贩夫贩妇,细碎交易,并不得收其税”,“两浙诸州,纸扇芒鞋及细碎物,皆勿税”。之后,真宗、仁宗屡下诏令,减免了许多杂税。

明代后期张居正进行改革,提出了“轻关市以厚商而利农”的“厚商”政策,说:“商不得通有无以利农,则农病;农不得力穑以资商,则商病。故商农之势,常若权衡……欲民用不困,莫若轻关市,以厚商而利农。”他明确反对国家干预商业,反对官、商(特许商人)分利的垄断性商品专卖制度,提出以“厚商”代替“抑商”。他所要厚待的商人不是盘剥农民的奸商,而是当时新兴的城市工商业者。到了清朝,抑商在国家最高决策层已经不再占重要位置。乾隆皇帝认为,“大概市井之事,当听民间自为流通。一经官办,本求有益于民,而奉行未协,转多扞格”。意思是,商品流通这些事,让百姓去做,国家不要管,国家一来管就会对百姓不利。可见,到了明清时期,国家已经不再完全重农抑商了。

总之,在明清时期,中国商业呈现蓬勃发展的态势。在此背景下,著名思想家黄宗羲提出了“工商皆本”的观点,他说:“世儒不察,以工商为末,妄议抑之。夫工固圣王欲求,商人使其原出于途者,盖皆本也”。也就是说,此时商业已从“末业”变成“主业”之一了。

(作者为北京大学教授)

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