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“高超音速武器”让反导系统变“睁眼瞎”

2017-08-05 16:07:07   中国青年网

目前,俄罗斯高超音速新技术已进入飞行验证阶段,并研制出“新一代发射技术”高超音速试验飞行器,采用氢燃料超燃冲压发动机,速度可达6至14马赫。普京和其他俄高官多次强调,要大力发展“超高速飞行器”保家卫国。俄罗斯本身幅员辽阔,若其能成功研发高超音速武器,对美国霸权的反制能力将进一步加强。

2016年末,俄罗斯战略导弹部队成功试飞代号“4202”的高超音速武器,搭载RS-18洲际弹道导弹,在高空阶段达到15马赫的速度,峰值甚至达到20马赫以上。此次的高超音速滑翔载具多数时间都在平流层飞行,射程更远,还可能让反导弹系统无法及时作出反应。高超音速滑翔载具在高速抵达目标之前是可控的,这使得导弹被拦截的可能性大幅降低。据悉,“4202”最快会在2020年实际应用在战略部署,并在2030年至2040年间开始大规模进入武装力量。

欧洲:技术雄厚,时有亮点

欧洲诸强国现在已经不复20世纪初的全球霸主地位,但毕竟科技底子还在,因此他们在高超音速武器方面还是颇有建树。

德国的军工一向是“黑科技”的诞生地,早在“二战”时期便有疯狂的“银鸟”计划,企图造出能够升空10万米、覆盖全球的超级轰炸机。20世纪80年代,西德则开展了高超音速飞机“桑格尔”的研制。21世纪,德国开始SHEFEX项目。SHEFEX I的最大速度为7马赫,而2012年6月发射的SHEFEX II的最大速度则达到11马赫。

法国强调独立自主的军工研发,其高超音速武器研发的重心,在于飞行速度可达8马赫的弹用发动机技术。法国的新概念发动机以液氢为燃料,而不是像现有的运载火箭那样消耗液氢、液氧和固体推进剂。作为核大国,法国研发高超音速武器的目的也很简单,即为自己的核武器寻找更加优良的投放平台。

英国在高超音速武器方面也有自己的特长。就在今年夏天,英国曼彻斯特大学和中国中南大学联合研发的全新碳化涂层获得重大进展,这种涂层能够承受高达3000摄氏度的高温,其耐热性能是已被证明的超高温陶瓷的12倍。这种材料的问世,对于高超音速飞行器具有很重要的意义。因为众所周知,飞行器以极高速度冲过大气层时,与空气摩擦产生的高温是致命的。因此耐热材料的研发,便是为高超音速飞行器奠定基石。

日印:各施其法,各出其招

日本作为太空大国,经济实力雄厚,技术力量强大。其高超音速飞行器的研发始于20世纪80年代,计划在新世纪完成新一代高超声速飞行器。1986年日本正式开展轨道飞机项目(HOPE),开始研究冲压喷气发动机。该项目于1994年进行了首次轨道再入试验,1996年利用运载火箭将飞行器发射到100公里高空,实现了10倍音速。此后日本开始建造新一代高超音速发动机,2003年在8马赫条件下,取得了当时世界最高的等效推力。

然而,由于高超音速飞行毕竟是困扰世界的高精尖难题,加上20世纪90年代以后,日本经济逐渐进入停滞状态,难以承担如此庞大的项目成本。2001年,日本停止了HOPE-X项目。尽管如此,日本在高超音速飞行器领域毕竟取得了较大成果,有诸多基础设施和技术研究进展,这些都为其将来发展高超音速飞行器打下坚实的基础。

而正在积极追求大国地位的印度,继续坚持与强国合作。印度于2014年宣布,将和俄罗斯研制“布拉莫斯”反舰导弹的高超音速型号。该导弹的速度可达6到7马赫。此外,印度还计划研发至少5倍于音速的喷气式战斗机,并称将是继美国的X-43和X-51试验型飞行器之后的全球第三。杨益

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