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大战背后的实业较量

2017-08-05 08:36:55   中国青年网

■郭姗姗

二战尾声,美国用两颗原子弹迫使日本无条件投降,这一仗赢得干脆利落,用世界上最先进的武器给法西斯以沉痛的打击。但胜利不是一日促成的,是用难以计数的沉没在大西洋和太平洋中的舰船、天空中或坠落或焚毁的战机和士兵们手中的机枪堆砌而来的。

美国经历了10年大萧条,却从1940年7月至1945年8月共生产了价值1830亿美元的军火,这不仅对同一时期的中国来说是天文数字,也令希特勒和各轴心国闻风丧胆。那么,这一切是如何实现的呢?

《拼实业:美国是怎样赢得二战的》讲述的就是美国在二战中是如何靠实业最终赢得压倒性胜利的那段颇为传奇的历史,揭示了同一个时间轴上并不广为人知却值得被书写的另一个层面。作者阿瑟·赫尔曼是美国著名历史学家、历史作家,著作以主题宏大、史料翔实、文笔生动,兼具学术性与可读性著称,本书依然精彩。

全书围绕美国实业界的两大巨头——生产界的威廉·克努森与建筑界的亨利·凯泽展开,据赫尔曼的铺垫介绍,两人都在美国的自由经济环境中如鱼得水。尤其是丹麦移民克努森,深深热爱给予他的生产天分无限发挥余地的美国。1940年,原本保持中立的美国迫于形势,为了未来,急需进一步武装三军,当时任总统罗斯福要求克努森离开通用汽车公司加入没有工资的战争顾问委员会时,“这个国家待我不薄,我要报答这份情义”,他欣然答应了。

“把美国的陆军、海军和陆军航空队武装起来,为他们准备足够的合适军装并让他们做好进入现代化战争的准备,这将成为克努森有史以来经手的最令人生畏的任务。”他的想法是依赖资本主义经济制度,让工商业界自愿、自由开展生产,政府要做的就是告诉企业生产什么,以及提供一份预付合同。看似简单,实行起来却十分艰难。

《拼实业》对当时美国在战争、政治、经济等相互关系间剑拔弩张的情势进行了条分缕析,并巨细无遗地加以呈现。自由经济制度与罗斯福新政干预经济的政策背道而驰,提出伊始便遭遇了总统的畏缩、国会的质疑、公会的谴责、民众的反对。在战争迫在眉睫,别无他法之下,政府逐渐做出让步。

深究自由生产的本质,以单纯的经济学角度来看,不外乎是追逐“利益”二字。依照《租借法案》,美国要同时满足自己和同盟国的军备需要。因此各家公司都会拼尽全力,出动最有才华的工程师绞尽脑汁改进装配线、完善生产流程、提高生产效率,但凡有能力的公司即便跨行业生产、与竞争对手合作,也要力图分得一杯羹,能力不够的创造条件也要上,这一点亨利·凯泽做得最为出色。工人们得到了比大萧条时期更高的薪水,热情高涨,连毫无经验的妇女也纷纷加入生产大军。赫尔曼尤为强调的一点是:这些生产行为完全是自由、自发的,如此形成了一种由汽车、航空工业带头的、拥有无穷动力的生产秩序,动员一切可以动员的力量,在全国范围内形成势不可挡、席卷一切的浪潮。

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