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“本降专”在德国——天没塌 路很宽
2017-08-05 03:34:33 中国青年网
许多教育学家认为,在金融危机后,世界经济长期不景气的大环境下,德国能够一直在失业率上控制得非常好,尤其是在青年失业率的控制上表现极为出色,主要依赖的就是德国“双元制”职业教育的红利。
德国的职业培训非常独特。早在中世纪的时候,一些行业就在行会里对新人进行职业培训。1869年以来,18岁以下的青少年在走上工作岗位前都必须到职业学校里进行培训。20世纪20年代中期,德国企业界达成共识:德国的优势不在于大规模生产,而在于倚靠专业的技术工人满足市场的精细化需求——这正是现代德国生产模式的起源。在这一理念的指引下,1927年德国在全国范围内开始建立全面的职业培养体系,学徒制度被拓展到所有行业,并在二战后渐渐发展成如今的“双元制”职业教育体系。
如今,德国中学生到了15~16岁就必须决定是否参加职业培训。如果要参加职业培训,那么他们就会离开普通中学,去接受木工、厨师、护士或者银行职员方面的培训。可供选择的职业培训多达350种。对青少年来说,职业培训有很大益处,可以从容不迫地学习手工行业或商业领域的入门知识。而他们所在的企业也能从中获益。科隆手工业行会培训咨询和后备力量保障部主任马库斯·艾克霍夫曾表示,职业培训让青少年能够获得企业所需要的知识与能力,职业培训一结束,他们就可以作为专业人员走上工作岗位。德国从来没有像现在这样如此需要专业人员。
约三分之二的德国年轻人通过2至3年的“双元制”职业教育体系学习后,进入制造业。他们熟练掌握维修、组装、操作等制造业必备技能,成为延续“德国制造”品牌的基础,他们并不会因“蓝领”的身份而受到歧视。据统计,全德国有55.7%的适龄学生接受职教培训。其中140万学生在全国330个经认可的职业类别岗位上受训。这些接受现代学徒制培养的人,能够实现高达95%的就业率。在德国的210万家企业中,有21.3%开展现代学徒制培训活动,其中许多是大中型企业。
双元制职业培训并非只在德国有,奥地利和瑞士等欧洲国家也采用类似的模式。虽然其他一些国家也试图引进这样的模式,但并不总是能够成功。在许多国家,职业培训与上大学读本科相比总是被看作低一等的人生选择。但在德国,双元制仍然被视为成功的模式并且不断得到发展。有上大学资格的中学毕业生现在可以将职业培训和大学学习结合起来。对许多企业而言,这样的人非常受欢迎,因为他们知道企业的生产流程,同时又接受了管理方面的培训。
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