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“本降专”在德国——天没塌 路很宽
2017-08-05 03:34:33 中国青年网
在柏林一家应用科技大学读书的一名中国留学生告诉记者,德国的大学对平时成绩要求十分严格,本科淘汰率一般在40%以上,所以必然会有很多学生因为挂科或者自己学不下去而中途退出,只要是中途退出的一般都是换其他专业或者转入Berufsausbildung(职业技术培训)。Berufsausbildung类似中国的大专,是三年职业教育,因此也可以理解为学分不够是有可能被降为专科的,但是同时这也给了学生选择不同学习道路的权利和机会。在德国的Berufsausbildung,三年学制有一半时间在学校上课,一半时间在企业进行职业培训,即人们常说的德国“双元制”教育体制。无论是综合性大学还是FH,因学分不够很难继续学业的学生也是一样转学或者进入职业培训的大专学习。
这位留学生介绍,他现在读的是本科,专业是媒体信息,毕业难度大,按照正常学制是三年,但一般来说就跟工科专业一样需要四五年才能毕业。跟他同期一起入学的同学,约一半以上因为没有兴趣或者觉得太难已经离开了,德国的大学是可以延期毕业的,但延期最长不得超过10年,年龄上则没有限制。这10年期限意为上大学时间连续不允许超过10年,无论这10年是读本科、研究生,还是博士,即使中途换专业,换专业之前的时间也会被算到这10年内。10年的期限是国家的统一规定,与学校没有关系。
据驻德国大使馆教育处工作人员介绍,德国职业技术培训级别不能完全和我国相对应,Berufsausbildung既可以是大学生降级就读,也可以高考后直接入学,甚至初中毕业就可以选择进行一些允许的职业培训,可以理解为是我国的大专、职高的一种结合。
“双元制”:让专科生也有竞争力
对于大学生来说,无论是主动选择还是被迫“降级”进行职业培训,只要能够顺利通过职业培训中的各项考试,就基本能够获得推荐而直接步入就业岗位。相比那些读大学的同龄人来说,最终能够获得稳定就业机会的风险会小很多,职业培训的学制也相对大学短了很多。根据德国工作市场和职业研究中心的一个最新抽样研究结果显示,完成职业培训并获得相应职业证书的人在65岁退休前平均能赚到总共132万欧元,完成高等职业教育的人,退休前平均能赚到200多万欧元,而获得一般大学本科及以上学历的情况则是在232万欧元左右。可见,德国受过高等职业教育和一般高等教育的两个群体在整个职业生涯中的平均收入差距并不大。在这样一个社会环境中,青年完全可以按照自己对于生活的态度来选择自己的未来,既可以选择安稳地学一技之长,以技能服务社会从而获得相应公正的收入和舒适的生活,也可以选择更有挑战性的一般高等教育,经过竞争获得相对更高一些的收入水平或者社会地位。
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