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德国汽车业又现垄断丑闻

2017-08-04 10:39:27   新华网

德国《明镜》周刊近日曝出消息,自上世纪90年代起,大众集团及其子公司奥迪和保时捷、宝马、戴姆勒等5家德国汽车生产商,一直涉嫌秘密垄断德国汽车行业。这可能成为德国经济史上最大的垄断案之一。

去年夏天,德国竞争监管部门联邦卡特尔局怀疑钢材市场存在某种价格垄断,在搜查大众办公室时,却意外发现了汽车行业可能存在大规模垄断的证据。在此之后,大众、戴姆勒向联邦卡特尔局先后承认存在不当行为。

据《明镜》周刊披露,20多年来,这些汽车行业巨头一直在召开秘密会议,就技术、成本、供应商等问题内部达成一致,目的是消除竞争。仅参与的大众员工就有200余名,涉及60多次这样的秘密会议。在此前柴油车尾气“排放门”丑闻中,各大车企就曾通过秘密会议统一过意见,并通过所谓“剂量”战略,决定将用来净化尾气的过滤液反应罐换成小罐以节约成本,这一决定催生了尾气排放作弊软件的出现。德国联邦卡特尔局收到的一份文件显示,德国汽车零部件供应商博世集团也卷入其中,参与了“剂量”战略的具体设计。

德国联邦消费者中心联合会主席克劳斯·穆勒表示,由于这些汽车制造商涉嫌垄断,大量消费者存在“以过高价格购车的可能性”。因此,未来各大汽车制造商可能遭遇“诉讼潮”,面临巨额索赔。目前德国联邦消费者中心联合会正就此推动发起一项集体诉讼,向这些汽车制造商集体索赔。

根据欧盟反垄断规则,涉事公司可能面临约合其全球年营收10%的罚款。大众可能面临最高217亿欧元的罚款,戴姆勒的罚款额度也有可能高达153亿欧元。去年戴姆勒等几家生产卡车的汽车企业,就因为价格垄断,一共被处罚了293亿欧元。此外,尽管“垄断门”尚在接受德国和欧盟监管部门调查,美国新泽西州联邦法庭、旧金山联邦法庭已在7月底先后对涉事车企违反反垄断法的行为提起诉讼。

面对指责,各大车企反应不一。大众集团发表声明,对垄断事件不予置评,并表示,汽车制造商用交换技术信息的方式来加快发展步伐,这种做法在全球范围内很常见,并且对行业发展和消费者都有利,能够更快将创新成果转化为应用。宝马发表声明否认了其参与价格垄断与排放作弊的指控。但据德国媒体报道,宝马高层计划慎重考虑与戴姆勒未来合作采购零部件的可能性,其与戴姆勒、大众等企业共同研发电动车充电站的计划也将被搁置。戴姆勒公司与奥迪公司则采取了召回部分车辆,改进排放系统的举措。

据德国媒体披露,德国政府于2016年就已获悉车企的秘密会议机制,却迟迟未能予以公开或采取行动。对此,德国环境保护协会主席于尔根·雷希批评道,正是因为汽车行业与政府之间的密切关系,才导致联邦政府、尤其是德国南部汽车重地巴登—符腾堡州与巴伐利亚州政府的不作为。

汽车是德国的支柱产业,德国工业的“心脏”,也是“德国制造”的有力招牌。仅2016年,汽车行业就为德国经济贡献了4070亿欧元的销售额。德国汽车行业拥有优良技术、高盈利能力,解决大量就业,其游说集团在德国政坛一向具有影响力。德国政治学专家、游说集团观察家蒂莫·朗格向本报记者指出,德国汽车工业一直与政界保持非常紧密的联系。(记者 冯雪珺)

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