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促成果变现,帮科研掘金(文化讲坛)

2017-08-04 04:34:54   中国青年网

设计清晰的机制,才能保障科技成果运用到社会

其实,对于科技成果,大家的理解见仁见智。在我看来,科技成果既应包括学术论文、研究报告、模型、专利等,也应包括科学活动中培养出的人才。斯坦福大学的科技成果转化非常活跃,大体有4种模式。

第一种,是人们最熟悉的,通过知识产权授权的方式。比如,某位科研人员有成果,可向学校的技术转化和授权办公室提交发明和技术发布表,办公室就会对成果进行评估,并考虑是否申请专利。一旦校方决定申请专利,并且申请成功,专利的所有权将归学校所有,但可以通过授权或转让的方式供第三方使用。专利所产生的收益有明晰的分配机制,大致是学校、院系和个人各占1/3。值得一提的是,斯坦福大学的技术转化和授权办公室很专业,雇用了一批各个领域具有硕士和博士学位的工作人员。他们既能预判成果的价值,又了解产业界的情况,是研究成果和产业界对接的桥梁。

第二种是本科生创业。严格来说,这种模式不太容易产生真正有价值的成果转化。它要求的是高校的本科教育,或者是学生的兴趣和特长,和社会需求有很好的衔接。学生看到市场机会,就可能投身创业。如果创业学生的素质特别高,机遇也好,也能够成功。

第三种是研究生、博士后拿着研究小组的成果去创业。这是最直接、有效的成果转化途径,我参与创业的公司都属于这种形式。作为导师,我会对公司发展给出建议。对公司来说,得到有声望的学者的支持,在募资、开拓市场上也有帮助。在这种模式下,导师一般不担任公司中的管理职务,也不直接参与公司管理,从而能够在学校里集中精力做研究。

第四种是学校教员直接创业,担任公司的创始人。在斯坦福大学,教员可以申请1年无薪假期来创办公司,原则上不能超过两年,否则只能离职。教员直接创业固然有长处,但这是一柄双刃剑,可能会冲击到学校的教学研究工作。比如,斯坦福大学计算机系在人工智能领域非常强,但过去5年内,几乎一半以上的教员都去创业了,这样会严重削弱学校的研究力量。毕竟,大学的主要任务是创造知识,而不是创造财富。大学首先要保证培养人才、科学研究的主要地位,然后才是学术与产业界的互动。

在我看来,除了常见的知识产权授权外,导师充当顾问、有商业头脑的学生创办公司,也是良性、可持续的模式。它既不会冲击教学研究工作,也能最大程度让科技成果应用到社会。从斯坦福大学的经验看,这种模式成功运转的先决条件是要有一套清晰的机制来保障。比如,为保证教职员大部分时间用在科研和教学上,校方要求教员每周只能把不超过1天的时间放在公司上。此外,每一个教职员都要申报,参与了哪些公司、在其中扮演什么角色,甚至包括收入情况。

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