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国企杠杆率降幅不大 专家:“稳”中纠正杠杆错配

2017-07-24 14:58:36   中国青年网

“国企杠杆率居高不下,除有政府隐性担保、借钱容易外,还有三大原因。”国家资产负债表研究中心副主任常欣分析称,一是企业盈利能力下降,意味着单位产出所需的债务量相应提高,从而导致负债率不断提升。

二是企业借新还旧支出加大,新增债务产出下降。常欣分析,从近年的情况看,与私营企业相比,国有企业利息覆盖率水平显著偏低,这实际上反映了企业刚性债务约束与日趋下降的盈利能力之间的矛盾。

三是资金误配置到低效率企业特别是“僵尸企业”,拖累生产力增长。

在常欣看来,破解国有企业高杠杆困境,迫切需要从改进效率入手,进一步优化企业的债务资金配置,淘汰落后产能和有偿债困难的低效率企业,果断打破刚性兑付,坚决关闭“僵尸企业”,把其占用的信贷资源和其它生产性资源(包括土地、设备、人力资本等)释放出来,重新优化配置,推动增长,进而缓释杠杆率风险。

“稳”中纠正杠杆错配

李扬认为,经济去杠杆的核心是把握稳中求进总基调,在“稳”中纠正杠杆错配,逐步达成由局部到总体的去杠杆目标。

李扬强调,去杠杆绝非一日之功,杠杆率攀升既有周期性因素也有结构性因素,尤其是结构调整涉及整个经济体制的改革,需要有定力。

专家认为,中国目前的高杠杆尽管有总量问题,但主要是结构性问题,即杠杆的错配,一是部门之间的错配,二是部门内部的错配。

在李扬看来,杠杆转移旨在纠正杠杆错配,而非简单的“风险转嫁”。通过杠杆转移,纠正杠杆错配,实际是要解决金融资源的优化配置问题。通过杠杆转移,一定程度上能实现风险与效率的合理匹配。这样就有可能在保持总杠杆率相对稳定的情况下,尽量将杠杆风险降到最低。

他建议,杠杆转移应遵循市场原则,由市场发挥决定性作用,绝不能是行政安排、政府主导,更不能采取政府诱导的方式。否则,会加剧杠杆转移过程中因政府担保所导致的道德风险,后患无穷。

去杠杆过程中,需警惕“花样翻新”的地方政府隐性债务。目前隐性债务仍在不断增长,其中最值得警惕的是“花样翻新”的替代性融资方案,如政府投资引导基金、专项建设基金、政府购买服务、PPP项目等。

张晓晶认为,在加强政府监管、强化问责的同时,下一步要防范和化解地方政府隐性债务风险,需进一步推进深层的体制性改革,包括政府职能转变、中央和地方间财政关系安排、投融资体制改革、财税金融改革等。

□本报记者 程竹

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