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告别“一刀切” 醉驾量刑回归司法理性

2017-05-26 08:07:01   

酒驾一律入刑可以起到最大化的威慑作用。但这样的“一刀切”,从理论和实践来看,也面临着很多问题。理论上和刑法总则第13条有矛盾,既然“情节显著轻微危害不大的,不认为是犯罪”,那么醉驾也不应该例外。

实践中的问题也不少,比如对醉驾行为人的刑罚适用有失均衡。拿缓刑适用来说,据媒体报道,在醉驾入刑之后1年内,广东、安徽、重庆、云南对危险驾驶罪适用缓刑的比例均超过40%,部分法院判决缓刑的比例更是高达73%。而浙江省同期对危险驾驶罪适用缓刑的比例仅为11.9%,江苏也仅为16.17%。这种极不均衡的缓刑适用状况,显然不符合刑法的平等性要求。

还有司法资源被占用的问题。据一些基层法院反映,醉驾案件已经占到了他们所审理的全部刑事案件的1/5,甚至更高。司法资源向醉驾案件过度集中的现象日趋严重。

所以这次最高法的指导意见,可以说是基于法理和实践的一次理性回归。

公众认同“醉驾一律入刑”,主要是肯定其在治理酒驾上的功效,但实际上除了入刑威慑之外,加强执法的确定性也可以起到同样效果,即加强对醉驾案件查处工作的常规化和制度化建设,提高对酒驾行为的查处率。一旦喝酒就容易被抓、被罚,威慑力未必小于法律文本上的“醉驾一律入刑”。

另外很重要的一点是要实现对醉驾案件的处罚衔接,充分发挥行政处罚与刑事处罚的互补作用。对普通的酒驾尚需进行行政处罚,而醉驾要重于酒驾,所以,对“犯罪情节轻微不需要判处刑罚的”醉驾行为,还有必要进行行政处罚。根据刑事诉讼法第173条第3款的规定,对被不起诉人需要给予行政处罚的,人民检察院应当提出检察意见,移送有关主管机关处理。同时,根据刑法第37条的规定,对于被免于刑事处罚的犯罪人,可以由主管部门予以行政处罚。

宽严相济刑事政策是我国现阶段的基本刑事政策,其核心要求是综合考虑行为的客观危害、行为人的主观恶性和人身危险性,区别不同情况,对行为人依法予以不同处理。醉驾不再一律入刑,并不意味着醉驾可以免于法律追究。只要执法继续应有的力度,同时以行政处罚等加以惩戒,相信告别“一刀切”之后,醉驾、酒驾的情况依旧能得到有效控制,不会“后果很严重”。

(作者系中国社会科学院法学研究所研究员、刑法研究室主任)

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