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报告文学正面临前所未有的挑战
2017-09-21 07:47:30 中国经济网
朝花周刊:怎样的选题,是具有较高社会文化价值的报告文学好选题?
陈启文:选题并非决定性因素。如果说“虚构”更能体现纯文学作家的审美追求,报告文学则更突出地体现了知识分子写作的特征。诚如李炳银先生所说,“它是一个作家、一个知识分子社会责任感的人文情怀的表达,通过这种表达,它能使你的思考变得更有价值更有力度”,就是具有独立之精神、自由之思想,从中国古典士人的优秀传统看,还必须具有“为天地立心,为生民立命”“国家兴亡,匹夫有责”“位卑未敢忘忧国”等忧国忧民的人文精神。诚然,在揭示真相上更需要鲁迅先生那种“敢于直面惨淡的人生,敢于正视淋漓的鲜血”的真勇士精神,如此才能在报告文学中体现出人文精神在当代文学中所达到的境界。这也是社会文化价值的高度体现吧。
判断一个作品是报告文学还是伪报告文学,就看作品是否具有当下意义和现实品格
朝花周刊:有人说现在要为报告文学的尊严而战,您怎么看?视之为挑战,或者当作“警示”?
陈启文:在中国新闻奖的评选中,报纸副刊作品中的报告文学可以跨界参评,也许就在于它具有新闻性。而在历经多年发展后,报告文学的新闻性已经发生了很大的变化,已经从狭义的新闻性,逐渐演绎为广义的时代性,也可谓是当下意义或现实品格。判断一个作品是报告文学还是伪报告文学,就看作品是否具有当下意义和现实品格。当下报告文学的又一突出问题,就是以时代性为表征的现实品格的根本缺失,从而造成文体边界模糊不清。很多历史题材的纪实文学、传记文学甚至人物评传性的随笔,也被贴上了“报告文学”的标签——历史报告文学。这与报告文学形成了理论上的悖论。对这种“以纪实文学置换报告文学的倾向”所造成的文体边界不清的状况,丁晓原先生指出,“本来报告文学作为一种特殊的新闻文学,边界是比较清楚的,但历史报告文学的风行甚至泛化,使得对其边界的定义难以自圆其说。”历史题材作品如作为报告文学不是不可以,但应该通过当下的现实去打通。从我个人的写作实践看,像《共和国粮食报告》《命脉——中国水利调查》《大河上下》《袁隆平的世界》,这一类时间跨度很大的报告文学,你不可能只写一年的粮食、一年的水危机,必须向历史纵深开掘。这样的报告文学,虽然穿插了历史叙事,但必须以当下现实为出发点和最终的归依,不止是对过往历史的呈现,而是在当下现实中对历史的发现和重新发现。它有鲜明的时代性或当下性,从历史回到当下,几乎没有了时间的距离感。
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