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金融全球化面临新挑战
2017-09-20 09:32:12 中国经济网
区块链技术和人工智能或为跨境资本流动创造新的渠道
2007年金融危机以来,全球金融格局发生了极大的变化。2016年,全球跨境资本流动,包括贷款、股票和债券的购买以及外国直接投资同比2007年已经缩水65%,从12.4万亿美元下降到4.3万亿美元,这反映出跨境贷款和其他银行活动大幅减少,但金融全球化并未就此结束。
A 欧美银行紧缩开支
近年来,在全球金融体系中,最引人注目的变化在于跨国、跨境贷款。大型欧洲银行,尤其是欧元区的银行,正带头退出外国市场。自2007年以来,欧元区银行的外国债权(包括贷款、其他外国资产和外国子公司贷款)已同比下降45%,计7.3万亿美元,其中近半出现在欧元区内部的借贷中,银行间拆借利率下降最多。瑞士、英国和其他欧洲银行的外国债权下降了2.1万亿美元。而美国几家大型银行也正将其投资组合从外国业务中移出。
2007年1月至2016年12月,在监管机构的要求下,全球银行至少剥离了2万亿美元的外国资产,超过欧洲银行总额一半以上。
促使欧美银行紧缩开支的原因,一是金融危机后的损失促使各个银行对国家风险进行重新评估,特别是在欧元区内部。许多银行还发现,外国企业的盈利能力低于国内企业,尤其是在某些缺乏专业知识和规模较小的外国市场。二是以美国为首,贸易保护主义抬头,主要针对发展中国家设置和加高投资障碍、贸易壁垒。仅2016年,全球45%的反倾销调查、71%的反补贴调查, 均针对“金砖五国”。根据美国国际贸易委员会数据,截至2017年6月28日,52%的双反(反倾销和反补贴)措施关于钢铁制品,其中61%针对“金砖五国”。三是一些国家,在金融危机后出台了鼓励国内贷款的政策以支持银行体系。英国对贷款计划的资助就是一个例子。四是新的国际资本和流动性规则《巴塞尔协议Ⅲ》,间接阻碍了银行拓展外国业务所需的额外规模,加大了投资的复杂性。
如今跨境银行在考虑海外和全球业务时,比危机前更为深思熟虑。然而,一些发展中国家和其他发达经济体的银行,尤其是加拿大、中国和日本的银行,正积极扩展海外业务。自2007年以来,加拿大和日本银行的外国债券已经翻了一番,2007年其外国债券总值为2.3万亿美元,2016年这一数额已达到5.3万亿美元,其中加拿大1.4万亿美元,日本3.9万亿美元。
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