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报告文学正面临前所未有的挑战

2017-09-21 07:47:30   中国经济网

朝花周刊:当下报告文学发展的症结问题在哪里?

陈启文:症结主要不在于呈现内容的开拓、传播方式的转变和创作模式的更新等方面,而恰恰在于没有“问题”。面对各种社会问题、生存问题,一些报告文学写作者做出了“识时务”的聪明选择,或逃避现实,或曲意逢迎。报告文学一旦没有了真相,没有了审视,没有了追问,没有了思辨,没有了批判,又怎能不被社会冷落和读者抛弃呢?其实不是社会冷落了你,而是你对社会漠不关心;不是读者抛弃了你,而是你先抛弃了读者,抛弃了自己的灵魂。

只有追寻、揭示真相,报告文学才有直抵灵魂的真实力量

朝花周刊:有人说“抓住题材就抓住了报告文学创作的一半”,还有人强调“报告文学三分在写七分在跑”,在您看来,“抓功”“跑功”“写功”,三者关系如何平衡?

陈启文:无论发现和捕捉题材的“抓功”,还是调查采访的“跑功”,还有驾驭文本的“写功”,皆为报告文学写作的基本功,三功缺一不可,密不可分,很难说哪一功更重要。

怎样平衡处理?就我个人创作实践看,在很长时间里我一直是个职业虚构者,一个所谓的纯文学写作者。但在我从不惑走向知天命之际,有越来越多东西逼着我去直面绝对不能虚构的现实。从“谁在养活中国”的吃饭问题到水危机,当我眼睁睁看着离我最近的洞庭湖正在干涸,离我最近的一条大河正在散发出刺鼻的味道,我实在难以袖手旁观。所谓“抓功”,绝非为题材而题材,主要还取决于你对某一社会问题、生存问题的关注程度,这是自觉的选择,甚至是下意识的选择。

所谓“跑功”,说穿了就是追寻真相的过程。对于报告文学及所有非虚构类文体,真实性是其文体存立之根本。丁晓原先生认为,“基于非虚构的现实品格,是报告文学文体的核心价值,是报告文学之谓报告文学的文体支撑”。而真相或真实性是有层次的,一方面它必须保证客观事实的真实,一方面它还必须有作者真诚的精神参与,即主观的真实。

我觉得大致可分为三个层次,层层递进:第一,是必须追寻事实真相。这个追寻真相的过程随时都会遭遇各种困难和人为的干扰,因而不止要有“踏破铁鞋”的精神,还必须是独立调查。第二,是你对真相所揭示的深刻程度。报告文学不但要直面真相,还必须穿过事相的外壳去探寻更深层的、更复杂的社会问题,只有这样,才有可能发现表象背后的真相,探悉并揭示出其真实的本质,有时候甚至会发现真相背后的假相。第三,在于你敢不敢直面真相、揭示真相。我觉得这是考验报告文学真实性的最高难度。当你试图了解某些真相的时候,会有危险性。有些人哪怕洞悉了真相也会失语,而失语对报告文学作家是一种失职,也会导致报告文学的严重失真。譬如说某些“非虚构”写作者,为了规避揭示真相的风险,在其“非虚构”作品中却虚构了绝对不容虚构的地点、人物,对时间采取模糊处理。这样的写作,直接违背了“非虚构”写作的基本伦理。只有不顾一切、敢于牺牲的大无畏精神,才能让你像追寻真理一样追寻真相、揭示真相,报告文学才有直抵灵魂的真实力量。

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