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专家释法:见危不救也能构成犯罪?

2017-09-18 07:31:48   中国经济网

李达称,在何林坤遭受殴打、生命危急的情况下,围观而未伸出援手之人并非杨某一人,但无论从情理出发还是从法理出发,并非每个人都负有法律上的救助义务,也就是说在这种情况下见危不救,并非围观的每个人都要承担刑事责任。按照当前刑法学的一般理论,构成不作为犯罪要以行为人负有特定作为义务为前提,只有负有特定作为义务的保证人的不作为行为才能构成不作为犯罪。

李达表示,判断杨某是否要为自己的“见危不救”行为承担刑事责任,认定其是否构成不作为的故意伤害罪,核心问题在于判断生命正在遭受严重威胁的何林坤,杨某有无救助的义务。这种义务在理论上被称为作为义务或者保证人义务。只有认定杨某对于何林坤的生命安全负有救助义务,杨某才会对何林坤的死亡承担刑事责任。

3先行行为引发作为义务

在何林坤遭受殴打的时候,杨某是否有救助的义务?这种义务又是如何产生的呢?是因为杨某和何林坤既是老乡又是同窗好友,还是因为何林坤是被杨某所诱骗误入传销组织?事实上,根据我国刑法理论的通说、法律规定、职务或业务上要求、契约行为以及先行行为都会引起作为义务的产生。

李达表示,“简单来说,如果行为人先前实施的行为会给他人的法益造成危险,相应的行为人就必须防止这种危害结果的发生。举个例子,一个人意外将不会游泳的他人推入水中,则该人就负有救助义务。”

结合本案分析,无论是按照哪一种理论,杨某的作为义务来自于其利用何林坤对其的信任,将何林坤诱骗至传销组织的先行行为。根据有些媒体透露的信息,杨某在应当或者可能预见到犯罪嫌疑人会对何林坤进行殴打的情况下,将何林坤带至案发地点,就更能加强杨某对何林坤的救助义务了。

但同时,也不能单纯地从形式上理解“先行行为”。例如,男子与女子系恋人关系,男子提出分手,女子不同意并以自杀相威胁,女子实施自杀行为时男子既不制止,也不积极寻求帮助,致使女子不救身亡。对于此类案件,并不能仅仅因为行为人与被害人之间具有某种联系,就认定行为人负有作为义务。

4不履行义务非唯一构罪要件

李达称,在作为犯罪与不作为犯罪这个大问题上,除了在犯罪的客观方面有所不同外,在犯罪构成上实际并没有太大差别。要构成不作为犯罪,同样需要符合其他构成要件,比如犯罪的主观方面、不作为行为与危害结果之间的因果关系、无违法性阻却事由等“传统”要素上。

回到本案,从社会一般观念的角度出发,杨某应当知道自己诱骗何林坤进入传销组织将会侵害其人身自由,甚至可能会对何林坤的生命及财产安全造成危险,但他仍然将何林坤骗至传销组织。无论杨某事前是否知道何林坤可能会遭受殴打乃至身亡,可以基本上认定杨某对于何林坤的生命法益会被侵害具有一种概括上的故意,最起码具有间接故意。“如果杨某伸出援手,很有可能会避免何林坤被殴打致死的结果。”

北京晨报记者黄晓宇

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