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专家释法:见危不救也能构成犯罪?

2017-09-18 07:31:48   中国经济网

1不作为可能构成犯罪

李达说,有观点称“无行为则无犯罪”,这是与作为行为相对应的,但不作为的行为确实也是犯罪行为的表现形式之一,例如我国《刑法》第二百六十一条规定的遗弃罪就属这种情形。“对于年老、年幼、患病或者其他没有独立生活能力的人,负有扶养义务而拒绝扶养,情节恶劣的,处5年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制。”该罪名就是一个典型的不作为犯罪。而我们耳熟能详的,诸如故意杀人罪、故意伤害罪等犯罪既能以作为的方式构成,也能以不作为的方式构成,被称为不纯正的不作为犯。

李达说,例如德国、奥地利、日本、韩国以及我国台湾地区的刑法典中,都以立法的形式明确规定了不纯正不作为犯,例如《韩国刑法》规定:“对于危险发生,有防止的义务或因自己的行为引起危险,而未防止其发生者,依其危险所致的结果罚之。”而我国现行《刑法》的总则中虽无类似的明文规定,但是不纯正不作为犯的相关问题在我国并不仅仅是一个理论问题,还是一个具有很强实践性的问题。

在我国的司法实践中,也不乏对不纯正不作为犯罪的认定。

举案说法:放任妻子自杀被判故意杀人

14年前,被告人宋福祥酒后回到家中,因琐事与妻子李霞发生争吵并厮打。李霞说:“三天两头吵,活着倒不如死了算了。”宋福祥见状称:“那你就去死吧。”妻子找来了自缢用的绳子,宋福祥意识到李霞要自杀,但无动于衷,直到听到妻子踮脚用的凳子倒下的响声后,他才起身过去,却未采取任何措施,而是离开现场到1里以外的父母家中告诉父母。待其家人赶到时,李霞已经死亡。

法院审理时认为,宋福祥目睹其妻李霞寻找工具准备自杀时,应当预见李霞会发生自缢后果而放任这种结果的发生,在家中只有夫妻二人这样的特定环境下,被告人宋福祥负有特定的义务,而其放任李霞自缢身亡的行为构成故意杀人罪,但情节较轻。所以根据《刑法》规定,判宋福祥故意杀人罪成立,处有期徒刑4年。

就何林坤一案而言,李达认为,虽然杨某没有直接对何林坤实施殴打的故意伤害行为,但是其单纯的“见危不救”行为,如果属于应为、能为而不为的不作为的行为时,则很可能构成不作为犯罪。

2构成不作为犯罪前提

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