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雾霾来得更早!今年秋冬空气质量形势咋样?

2017-09-06 19:21:48   中国经济网

清华大学教授贺克斌说:“我国大气污染治理现在仍然面临两个挑战,聚焦在6种大气污染物中的PM2.5和臭氧。”

与人们熟知的PM2.5相比,臭氧污染近期也越来越受到公众关注。我国会不会发生美国那样的光化学烟雾事件?

刘炳江给大家吃了一颗“定心丸”。他介绍,我国臭氧污染的标准值是160微克/立方米,这一标准与欧盟、美国等发达国家基本接近。2016年,我国338个城市里,71%的城市在达标值上下波动,有59个城市超标;轻度超标的天数累计只占4.7%,中度污染很少,重度污染的天数极少,没有严重污染,更没有出现爆表的情况。

他说,发达国家发生光化学烟雾事件的时候,臭氧浓度一般在600微克/立方米以上,个别城市达到2000微克/立方米。目前,我国的臭氧污染虽呈现缓慢上升的趋势,但目前的臭氧浓度不可能发生类似的光化学烟雾事件,将来发生的可能性也极小。

臭氧污染究竟是怎么来的?

中国环境科学研究院大气污染防治首席科学家柴发合告诉记者,臭氧污染主要是人为排放的氮氧化物、挥发性有机物在太阳光和热的作用下生成的,是一种二次污染物。

他指出,臭氧污染有明显的季节性,一年中5-9月份臭氧污染水平较高;一天之中也有非常明显的变化,晚上浓度非常低,太阳升起后,随着辐射加强、温度升高,臭氧浓度逐渐上升,一般到下午三点钟左右达到最高值。

柴发合表示,臭氧的防护相对来说比较容易。即使室外环境臭氧浓度较高,但室内浓度一般很低。他建议人们采取一些规避行为,在夏日阳光强烈的下午减少室外活动,减轻臭氧污染对健康的损害。

推进PM2.5和臭氧污染协同治理

“治理臭氧,其实主要是控制它生成的两个前体物——氮氧化物和挥发性有机物。”贺克斌说,从我国的治理进程看,在治理PM2.5的过程中,也在同时治理臭氧的这两项前体物。

他介绍,“十二五”期间,我国就把削减氮氧化物排放作为约束性指标。氮氧化物减排的技术积累更长、污染源类别更集中。相比“十二五”初期,我国目前氮氧化物排放量下降了20%左右。

挥发性有机物的种类更复杂,治理进程还需迎头赶上。我国已经开始进行相关治理,环保部目前正在制定“十三五”期间挥发性有机物的减排方案。

近期出台的攻坚行动方案也专门提出,扎实推进重点领域挥发性有机物治理。推进医药、农药等化工类,汽车制造、机械设备制造、家具制造等工业涂装类,包装印刷等行业挥发性有机物综合治理。大力推广使用低(无)挥发性有机物含量的涂料、有机溶剂、胶黏剂、油墨等原辅材料,配套改进生产工艺。

柴发合指出,减少氮氧化物和挥发性有机物和我们每个人的行为也有很大关系。人们少开一天车,就可以减少氮氧化物排放。挥发性有机物减排方面,比如装修的时候不用有机溶剂涂料,改用水性涂料,多用水性漆,甚至炒菜时减少油烟都能为减少挥发性有机物出一份力。(记者高敬)

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