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时速4千公里的“飞铁”面临3难题:需解决如何不跑偏

2017-09-04 20:35:40   中国经济网

“我们的高温超导磁浮技术,基于高温超导体与永磁体间的抗磁和磁通钉扎作用,是一种由材料内在特性决定的被动悬浮。它具有结构简单、安全、自导向、节能环保等优势。”赵勇说。正因为其具备的“自导向性”,确保了其在合理轨道设计下,列车沿轨道稳定运行的可能。“严格说,它是‘非理想第二类超导体的迈斯纳效应、磁通钉扎’与‘量子磁浮记忆效应’的结合。”

按悬浮形式,磁浮技术可分为常导与超导两类。日本采用了基于电磁动态悬浮的低温超导磁浮技术,这一技术业已成熟,载人速度可达时速600多公里。2014年,日本开工建设世界首条最高时速达505公里的超导磁悬浮高速铁路。预期2027年建成通车;上海430公里时速的磁浮列车,则采用了德国的常导磁浮技术,利用了电磁吸引悬浮原理。全球尚未形成1000公里时速以上的磁浮成熟技术。

中车株洲电机有限公司牵引电机研发部副经理何云风则介绍,根据速度,磁浮列车有高速和中低速之分。中低速磁浮列车,一般采用短定子直线感应电机牵引,如长沙磁浮列车。高速磁浮列车中,上海磁浮列车采用了长定子同步直线电机牵引,日本高速磁浮列车则采用了低温超导直线电机牵引。“国内对长定子直线电机尚未实现工程化应用,且有同步,永磁、超导等技术路线之分,国内正在开展长定子直线电机工程化研究。不过目前主要是针对400-600公里时速的直线同步电机,600公里以上的还在前期研究中。”

赵勇补充解释,所谓航天技术与磁浮技术的结合,是指将其空气动力学方面的优势,运用于高速运动的稳定性、气动设计等方面,并非简单的“航天技术+磁浮技术”。

“超级高铁”

一场全球磁浮技术的“星际争霸”

“高速飞行列车”为真空管道列车,实质也是“Hyperloop超级高铁”概念。这一千公里时速的超级高铁架构由特斯拉创始人埃隆·马斯克提出,是“第五种交通方式”。这一概念提出后,吸引了国际广泛关注,包括Space X、HTT、Hyperloop One等在内的大企业,均参与了研究。

然而,尽管“超级高铁”形势看好,但它的实现,存有诸多技术难题。退休物理学家、超导磁悬浮概念的联合提出者詹姆士·鲍威尔就曾警示,轨道误差必须非常小,如果轨道墙壁位置差之毫厘,都可能导致灾难。此外,长真空管道如何维持低压,甚至接近真空状态极为困难。

“整套系统非常脆弱,哪怕一个点失败,都可能引发灾难。”鲍威尔说。譬如,假设有人在管壁穿孔,或地震导致管道稍微移位,都可能导致乘客舱崩溃。

此外,超级高铁成本也不“平民”。HTT正在搭建的8公里长测试轨道,预估需耗资1亿美元,这仅是最初期测试轨道的铺设花费。

来自研发团队rLoop的莱纳德表示,超级高铁能在未来5到10年成为现实已非常了不起。在任何形式的公共使用之前,将会有大量的测试和监管问题有待解决。

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