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海上风电进入集中连片规模开发期

2017-08-29 13:40:44   中国经济网

虽然取得了快速发展,处于起步阶段的海上风电仍面临不少困难。“海上风电开发涉及到军事、环保、旅游、渔业、生态和航运等众多部门。”孙强说,由于规划制定过程中缺乏有效沟通,导致各种规划之间的不同步、不配套的现象日益严重,有些因素或对项目场址产生颠覆性的影响,导致企业前期投入浪费,对企业造成巨大的经济损失。

电价是影响一个电站收益的主要因素,目前看来,海上风电项目电价回收周期长,经营成本压力较大。以三峡集团响水近海风电场为例,截至2017年5月31日,累计上网电量为3.91亿千瓦时,目前实现上网电量标杆电费部分次月结算,应收电费3.32亿元,但目前只收回标杆电价部分的1.48亿元,补贴电费部分正在申报国家的第七批补贴名录,具体公布时间尚未确定,导致未收回的补贴电费金额大,电费回收周期长,造成企业经营成本压力大。

与陆上风电相比,海上风电的后期运维成本也要高出不少。进入运营期后,风电场的主要运维成本包括备品备件成本、运维交通工具购置或租赁费、风机运维耗材费用、机组大修、机组防腐、人工费用等。由于目前国内海上风电尚无长期运营经验和成本数据积累,运维成本仅靠预估,存在极大的不确定性。德国Meerwind海上风电场每年的维护费用约为3570万欧元,相比欧洲已经历了近20年的发展、海上风电场的运营维护已形成完整产业链的情况,我国海上风电的运维成本预计还将更高。

此外,当风机大部件发生故障需要更换或维修时,必须租赁专业大型作业船舶进行维修,维修成本极高。大型维修船舶出场费用往往高达数十万一天,且国内大型维修缺乏起重船舶,受海况天气大,维修周期长,再加上大部件更换时停机发电量损失,导致海上风电场运维成本不可控的特点明显。

言论:技术攻关推动成本下降

王轶辰

我国海上风电可开发资源量巨大,更靠近东部电力负荷中心,相较陆上风电具有不可替代的优势。但是海上风电技术不成熟,建设成本居高不下,运维困难等因素,也使得我国海上风电发展未能达到预期。下一步,必须多头并进推动其发展。

首先,结合产业链上下游资源,发展关键技术攻关。树立海上风电产业同盟,推动“产业链”纵向各环节与横向各实体联合开展海上风电关键技术攻关,真正提升中国海上风电产业竞争才能,促进海上风电行业健康、持续发展。

其次,维持稳定的行业政策,推动海上风电成本持续下降。欧洲国家的成功经验表明,可再生能源尤其是海上风电的发展初期需要政府大力支持,固定电价制度是特别适用于海上风电发展初期阶段的鼓励政策,待开发成本逐步下降后,再改为固定电价/固定补贴、竞标等政策,持续推进海上风电开发进程。

再次,要建立其他能源围绕可再生能源发电的调度交易机制,实现可再生能源的优先消纳。借鉴德国等欧洲国家的成功经验,一方面合理的政府补贴政策激励可再生能源参与市场竞争、确保自身优先上网;另一方面,设计合理的市场交易机制,自然形成其它电源围绕可再生能源进行电力实时交易和提供辅助服务的市场机制,最大程度的减少弃水、弃风、弃光。

  

福清兴化湾30万千瓦海上风电场一期工程建设中本报记者王轶辰摄

福清兴化湾30万千瓦海上风电场一期工程建设中本报记者王轶辰摄2

福清兴化湾30万千瓦海上风电场一期工程建设中本报记者王轶辰摄

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