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陆铭:“大城市病”症结在供给侧 而非人多

2017-08-25 09:36:50   中国经济网

经济日报-中国经济网北京8月25日讯 在近日举办的主题为“大都市圈发展战略与政策”的博智宏观论坛第十九次月度例会上,上海交通大学特聘教授陆铭表示,中国急需在核心大城市制定蔓延半径在50公里左右的都市圈发展战略,以大体量和快速度的轨道交通形成城市网络。陆铭中国的“大城市病”病因在供给侧,而非人多的问题。

陆铭认为,当前中国经济的趋势性增速下滑系源于地区间和城市间的资源错配,即“人往高处走”和“资源往低处去”。

所谓“人往高处走”,主要是指人为了追求收入和就业,整体来讲从中西部往东部走,以及从中小城市向大城市走。但是我们的资源在向内地引导,并且向中小城镇配备,其中最重要的是政府可控制的资源:建设用地指标的配置以及政府控制的钱(其中主要是转移支付和企业所获得的补贴),实际也是在往中小城市和中西部在走。

通过数据分析可以非常清楚地看到,离大港口越远的地方经济增长越慢,中国经济增长的活力就在距离大港口500公里以内的地方。同时,通过度量每个城市到中国最大的14个城市的距离和相应的经济增速发现,离大城市越近经济增长就越快。

“资源往低处去”。2003年之前中国的中西部省份在全国土地供应份额是下降的,那个时代中国的市场经济真正是配置资源的决定性力量。由于新增劳动力流动都在向东部集中,更多的人口向东部集中带来土地的需求。但是2003年之后,中西部土地供应份额持续上升一直到今年。如果是市场成为配置资源决定力量的地方,是不会出现沿海、人口密度高、人均GDP高的人口流入地出现土地供应收紧的现象,这是典型的资源错配。

中西部地区建大量工业园和新城,而中国现在的新城严重过剩,因为大量新城建在人口流出地,而中国人口流入地住房却供应不足。所以中国房地产市场分化的原因很简单,就是有需求的地方没有供给,有供给的地方没有需求。

再来看“钱”的配置。不管是发债的支数还是发债总额,中国中西部在城投债中所占的份额都在上升。中国的城投债里面有大量是投到建设里面的,又配合了前面提到的工业园建设和新城建设,所以土地的配置和债务的融资两个事情又结合在一起了。

资源错配就会导致经济增长这些重要的指标有相应的变化。2003年到2008年是中国经济增长率越来越快的时期,却出现TFP(全要素生产率)增长下滑的现象,只有一个可能性,就是资源错配和利用效率下降。

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