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臭氧:碧空下的“污染”隐忧

2017-08-23 11:03:26   中国经济网

不要小觑臭氧污染的破坏力。徐晓斌表示,高浓度持续性的臭氧污染可能导致人流泪、眼睛疼、头痛等症状出现,更严重的会影响到呼吸道、心血管系统,尤其对心脏本身不好的人群,有比较严重的影响。“长期积累高浓度的臭氧,会影响整个心血管健康,严重的引发死亡,这在国外有过惨痛的教训,人们应该对臭氧污染重视起来。”徐晓斌说。

此外,臭氧污染对生态系统也会起到破坏作用。“臭氧是一种强氧化剂,其在植物表面,通过气孔扩散入理,会导致植物叶片枯黄,影响光合作用,不仅表观上造成影响,如果是农作物还会影响产量和品质。”徐晓斌介绍说,此外,如果一个区域经常出现高浓度的臭氧,强氧化剂的作用下,有一些材料会提前老化、报废,带来经济损失。

臭氧污染逐年加剧

事实上,臭氧并不等同于污染,在臭氧的身上,有着“两张面孔”。特殊环境、特殊区域的“臭氧”不但不是破坏王,还是保护伞。比如雷雨之后,空气会变得清新,甚至能闻到青草的味道,这是因为少部分氧气在遭雷击后转变为臭氧,而臭氧具有很强的消毒及灭菌功能。而在平流层里的臭氧集中了全球大气90%的臭氧,这里的臭氧对人类是有利的,它们吸收掉了太阳放射出的大量对人类、动物及植物有害的紫外线辐射,成为地球的重要屏障。

臭氧中的“坏分子”主要集中在人们生活的地表及对流层,这里尽管只存在地球表面10%的臭氧,但是其对人体健康、农作物甚至气候变化的负面影响显著。

臭氧“坏分子”出现的时间也有一定的规律,一般在晴朗少云的春末及夏秋季节。专家介绍,气象条件与臭氧污染的产生关系密切,有助于臭氧污染形成的气象条件主要有高温、强辐射(少云)、低湿和少风。夏季具备高温强辐射的条件,因此更容易出现臭氧污染。不过有降水产生时,地表辐射将弱得多,不利于臭氧产生。因此,在温度更高但降水较多的7月至8月,臭氧污染情况较5月至6月要轻一些。

这也就足以解释为何同为天气污染,雾霾与臭氧污染很少“撞车”。徐晓斌告诉记者,在臭氧污染多发的夏季,一方面大气污染扩散气象条件较好,另一方面夏季混合层高度比秋冬季要高,不利于气溶胶颗粒在低层过多积累,因此夏季较少见到雾霾,它们更容易发生在秋冬季,那时燃煤排放颗粒物增加,逆温容易形成,混合层空间被挤压,PM2.5浓度上升更快。

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